First:
Login to your Unix account and type:
% /home/cs476/mlist
to add your login name to cs476 mailing list.
To find the list of fast machine that you can login type:
% /home/cs476/fastlist
Introduction
to UNIX
To change the behavior of programs.
Examples: .login, .cshrc,
.mailrc, .forward, etc...
You may copy /home/cs476/.cshrc to your home directory.
Extensive on-line documentation.
Examples: man, info, apropos, whereis,
which, etc..
And now you can Google!
You may use any program to edit a file.
Examples: vi, emacs.
ed, MS word, notebad, etc...
The programs are available at:
/home/cs476/public_html/ProgManagement
ü
Makefile:
hello : hello.o PrintDate.o
<tab> gcc -o hello hello.o PrintDate.o
hello.o : hello.c
<tab> gcc -c hello.c
PrintDate.o : PrintDate.c
<tab> gcc -c PrintDate.c
clean:
<tab> rm *.o hello
main()
{
printf("Hello
World\n");
PrintDate();
}
void PrintDate()
{
system("date");
}
% make /* produce hello */
% make clean /* removes *.o and hello */
ü
Archive:
% tar cf
hello.tar Makefile hello.c PrintDate.c /* create */
% tar tf hello.tar
/* list */
% tar xf hello.tar
/* extract */
% gzip
hello.tar /* compress*/
% gunzip hello.tar.gz /* uncompress */
ü
Libraries:
The programs are available at:
/home/cs476/public_html/ProgManagement/lib
void PrintDate()
{
system("date");
}
char *compare(int i1, int i2)
{
if (i1
> i2) return "first";
else if (i2 > i1) return "second";
else return "equal";
}
int diff (int i1, int i2)
{
return (i1-i2);
}
int sum (int i1, int i2)
{
return (i1+i2);
}
OBJ= PrintDate.o
Math.o
all: $(OBJ) libcs476.a
PrintDate.o : PrintDate.c
gcc -c PrintDate.c
Math.o : Math.c
gcc -c Math.c
libcs476.a : $(OBJ)
ar r libcs476.a $(OBJ)
clean:
rm *.o libcs476.a
void PrintDate();
char *compare(int,
int);
int sum(int, int);
int diff(int, int);
To list the contents of the library:
% ar t libcs476.a
Example to use the library:
The programs are available at:
/home/cs476/public_html/ProgManagement/lib/testlib
#include <stdio.h>
#include "../libcs476.h"
int main()
{
PrintDate();
printf("%s\n",
compare(13, 27));
printf("%d\n",
diff (13, 27));
printf("%d\n",
sum (13, 27));
}
testlibcs476 : testlibcs476.c
gcc
-o testlibcs476 testlibcs476.c -lcs476 -L..
clean:
rm
testlibcs476
-L..
search for libraries in the parent directory.
%
ls -l
- rwx rwx rwx 2
wahab faculty 1278 Aug 25 file1
% touch
Example:
% mkdir test
% cd test
% touch file
%
ls -l
-rw------- 1 wahab
faculty 0 Aug 1 23:25
file
In unix many
commands have different implementations and syntax.
For example:
% whereis touch
/usr/bin/touch /usr/ucb/touch /usr/local/bin/touch
% which touch
/usr/local/bin/touch
To use specific version, use
the complete path of the command.
% /usr/bin/touch 1226112272 file
% ls -l
-rw------- 1 wahab
faculty 0 Dec 26 1972 file
% stat file
/*
all details about the file */
…….
Modify: 1972-12-26
11:22:00
…….
% find
Example :
Remove all files under directory test named
a.out or *.o
that have not been accessed for a week:
% find ./test \( -name a.out -o -name '*.o' \)
-atime +7 -exec rm {} \;
%
chmod -R a+rx *
% cp -r path1 path2
% rm -r path
Creating the
world's first chat!
In one window type:
% cat >>
/tmp/wahab
In one window type:
% tail -f
/tmp/wahab
http://www.softlab.ntua.gr/facilities/documentation/unix/shelldiff.html
There
are so many shells, for example:
% sh (Bourne
shell, the oldest shell)
% bash
(Bourne-again shell, a
super set of sh)
% csh (Berkeley,
syntax resembles C language)
% tcsh (derivative
of csh)
% ksh (korn shell-the newest
shell)
To find your default shell:
% ypcat passwd |
grep wahab
wahab:stg/i.0xxJ1zU:51:13:Hussein
Abdel-Wahab:/home/wahab:/usr/local/bin/tcsh
To change your shell (if root allows) use:
% chsh
| >
>> < &
E.g. % ls -lt | more
Eample 1:
Producing pdf version of a man page:
% whereis touch
touch: /usr/bin/touch /usr/ucb/touch /usr/local/bin/touch /usr/man/man1/touch.1
/usr/man/man1b/touch.1b
% troff -man /usr/man/man1/touch.1 > t1
% dpost t1 >
t2
% ps2pdf t2
touch.pdf
OR combine all the above commands
using | as:
% troff -man /usr/man/man1/touch.1 | dpost | ps2pdf – touch.pdf
Eample 2:
% cb < prog.c > prog.b
% more prog.b
% mv prog.b prog.c
What will happen
when you do:
% cb < prog.c >
prog.c ???
We may combine all the
above commands using |
as:
%
cb < prog.c | tee prog.b
You
can use instead of cb:
% indent prog.c
Eample 3:
% echo hi > tmp
%
tail –f tmp >> tmp
&
% tail –f tmp
Job control
% tail
–f tmp >> tmp
^Z
% jobs
....... list of background
jobs ...........
%
kill -9 %job
% ps
......... list
of processes ..................
%
kill -9 process
We can
also use:
% pgrep <name>
% pkill <name>
\C , '......' , `.......` , " ....."
% echo *
% echo \*
\ quote ONE char
% echo '
***><? '
' ... ' qoute ANY number of chars
% mail ` cat list ` < letter ` ... ` command substitution
% echo " ` pwd
` $home
" " ... " does not qoute `
... ` and $
Shell and
Environmnet Variables:
ü bourne shell:
% sh
$ path=.:/bin:/usr/bin
path is a standard shell variable
$ echo $path
$ d=`pwd`
d is
a user defined shell variable
$ echo $d
Note: there should be no
spaces around =
Shell
varibales: has
to be explicitly exported to be accessed
by child process.
Example:
$ d=`pwd`
$ export d
$ sh
$ echo $d
ü csh shell:
$ csh
% set path =
.:/bin:/usr/bin
% set d = `pwd`
% echo $d
% setenv DISPLAY
vega.cs.odu.edu:0
% echo $DISPLAY
Environment
variables: are automatically
exported to all child processes.
Example: