@article{20081111147343 ,
language = {Chinese},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Questions for calibration of Quantum Sensor for photosynthetically active radiation},
journal = {Taiyangneng Xuebao/Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica},
author = {Wang, Bingzhong and Hu, Bo and Liu, Guangren},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
year = {2008},
pages = {1 - 5},
issn = {02540096},
address = {18,Shuangqing Street,Haidian, Beijing, 100085, China},
abstract = {This paper presents a calibration method of PAR Quantum Sensor. In theory PAR quantum sensor can be precise calibrated by spectroradiometers. The spectroradiometers were calibrated against standard lamps traceable to the National Standards. This method is validated by experiment. There are some conflicting views in different version specification on quantum sensor Li-cor. The is not any word explain the difference in instrument specification. Some explanations of the difference are presented in this study. There is no really quantum sensor for PAR measurement. The quantum sensor is nominal instrument. The instrument is really energy sensor, and the unit of quantum is calculated by equation. Furthermore, the coincidence between quantum and energy is validated. There are two sensitivity can be gained in calibration process. The error caused by unit transfer between quantum and energy can be omitted by using this two sensitivity.},
key = {Radiometers},
keywords = {Calibration;Electric lamps;Photosynthesis;Quantum optics;Sensors;},
note = {Energy sensor;Li cor;Photosynthetically active radiation;Quantum sensor;},
} 


@inproceedings{20085211807139 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Aspects of practical remote quantum sensing},
journal = {Journal of Modern Optics},
author = {Gilbert, G. and Weinstein, Y.S.},
volume = {55},
number = {19-20},
year = {2008},
pages = {3283 - 3291},
issn = {09500340},
address = {4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RN, United Kingdom},
abstract = {We consider the viability of photonic N00N states for practical remote quantum sensing in realistic atmospheres. This is done by analyzing the phase estimation performance of N-photon N00N states propagating in an attenuating medium. It is shown that the 1/N Heisenberg limit is never achieved. Moreover, an attenuated N00N state will actually produce a worse phase estimate than an equally attenuated N-photon separable state unless the transmittance of the medium is sufficiently high. The transmittance threshold for which the N00N states perform better than separable states increases as the number of signal photons increases. The amount of photon attenuation that arises in realistic, turbulent atmospheres is generally far below this threshold even for low N N00N states. Photonic N00N states are thus not viable for use in practical remote quantum sensing.},
key = {Electron optics},
keywords = {Atmospherics;Photons;Quantum electronics;},
note = {Atmospheric loss;Attenuating mediums;Entanglement;Heisenberg limits;N00N states;Phase estimations;Photon attenuations;Quantum sensing;Separable states;Signal photons;Turbulent atmospheres;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340802428314},
} 


@inproceedings{2003407653874 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {The nature of fundamental 1/f Noise in quantum sensing technology, negative entropy and uncertainty principle},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Handel, Peter H.},
volume = {4999},
year = {2003},
pages = {337 - 348},
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {Most sensors traduce various environmental, industrial, or laboratory parameters into electrical signals. Quantum sensing pushes this to the ultimate limit of achievable sensitivity, detectivity, resolution, and stability. Quantum mechanics sets these limits through the uncertainty principle. It causes the ubiquitous 1/f noise, as we show here for LiNbO<inf>3</inf>. Quantum 1/f theory, known as the quantum theory of the fundamental 1/f noise phenomenon, is a new aspect of quantum mechanics, that governs the nonlinear interaction of particle and field, introducing the new notions of "physical cross sections" (PCS) and "physical process rates" (PPR). These contain the fundamental macroscopic quantum 1/f fluctuations. They yield the usually defined PCS and PPR with infrared radiative corrections, when the expectation value is taken over the low-frequency photon states of negative entropy. The physical charged particle, such as an electron, contains both the bare particle and its electromagnetic field. The latter is in a coherent state, where the phase of the electromagnetic field oscillators is determined. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle then requires that the energy must be uncertain, leading to nonstationary states describing the particle. The particle's resulting fractional current fluctuations in large devices always have the spectrum 2&alpha;/&pi;f, where &alpha;=1/137 is the fine structure constant.},
key = {Quantum electronics},
keywords = {Entropy;Industrial laboratories;Oscillators (electronic);Photons;Sensitivity analysis;Spurious signal noise;},
note = {Quantum sensing;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.501205},
} 


@article{20074710938820 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum sensor miniaturization},
journal = {IEEE Photonics Technology Letters},
author = {Gilbert, G. and Hamrick, M. and Weinstein, Y.S. and Pappas, S.P. and Donadio, A.},
volume = {19},
number = {22},
year = {2007},
pages = {1798 - 1800},
issn = {10411135},
address = {445 Hoes Lane / P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, United States},
abstract = {The classical bound on image resolution defined by the Rayleigh limit can be beaten by exploiting the properties of quantum mechanical entanglement. If entangled photons are used as signal states, the best possible resolution is instead given by the Heisenberg limit, an improvement proportional to the number of entangled photons in the signal. In this letter, we present a novel application of entanglement by showing that the resolution obtained by an imaging system utilizing separable photons can be achieved by an imaging system making use of entangled photons, but with the advantage of a smaller aperture, thus resulting in a smaller and lighter system. This can be especially valuable in satellite imaging where weight and size play a vital role. &copy; 2007 IEEE.},
key = {Quantum theory},
keywords = {Image resolution;Imaging systems;Optical sensors;Photons;Satellite imagery;},
note = {Entangled photons;Heisenberg limit;Quantum interferometry;Quantum sensor;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2007.906838},
} 


@inproceedings{20082011258905 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Proceedings of SPIE - Quantum sensing and nanophotonic devices V},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
volume = {6900},
year = {2008},
pages = {The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 29 papers. The topics discussed include: robust single-mode emission from mid-IR photonic crystal interband cascade lasers; type-II superlattices and quantum cascade lasers for MWIR and LWIR free-space communications; recent advances in long wavelength quantum dot based lasers; controlled emission of polarized infrared light by a nanocavity equipped optical source; electrically pumped photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers; overview of quantum cascade laser research at the Center of Quantum Devices; toward regulated photon generations from semiconductor quantum dots and their applications; mid-infrared vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers based on lead salt/BaF<inf>2</inf> Bragg mirrors; type II strained layer superlattice: a potential infrared sensor material for space; and novel routes in heteroepitaxy and selective area growth for nanophotonics.},
key = {Photonic devices},
keywords = {Photonic crystals;Polarization;Quantum cascade lasers;Quantum efficiency;Semiconductor quantum dots;Superlattices;},
note = {Nanocavity equipped optical sources;Quantum sensing;},
} 


@inproceedings{2003257511692 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum sensing using Type II InAs/GaSb superlattice for infrared detection},
journal = {Microelectronics Journal},
author = {Razeghi, Manijeh and Gin, Aaron and Wei, Yajun and Bae, Junjik and Nah, Jongbum},
volume = {34},
number = {5-8},
year = {2003},
pages = {405 - 410},
issn = {00262692},
abstract = {Large, regular arrays of bulk GaSb and InAs/GaSb Type II superlattice pillars have been fabricated by electron beam lithography and dry etching. A 2.5 keV electron beam lithography system and metal evaporation are used to form the Au mask on superlattice and bulk substrates. Dry etching of these materials has been developed with BCl<inf>3</inf>:Ar, CH<inf>4</inf>:H<inf>2</inf>:Ar and cyclic CH<inf>4</inf>:H<inf>2</inf>:Ar/O<inf>2</inf> plasmas. Etch temperatures were varied from 20 to 150 &deg;C. The diameter of the superlattice pillars was below 50 nm with regular 200 nm spacing. Bulk GaSb pillars were etched with diameters below 20 nm. Areas of dense nanopillars as large as 500 &mu;m &times; 500 &mu;m were fabricated. The best height/diameter aspect ratio was approximately 10:1. To date, these are the smallest diameter III-V superlattice pillar structures reported, and the first nanopillars in the InAs/GaSb material system. The basic theory of these devices and surface passivation with SiO<inf>2</inf> and Si<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> thin films has also been discussed. &copy; 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
key = {Semiconductor superlattices},
keywords = {Dry etching;Electron beam lithography;Fabrication;Infrared detectors;Passivation;Quantum theory;Semiconducting indium compounds;Semiconductor quantum wells;Thermal effects;Thin films;},
note = {Quantum sensing;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0026-2692(03)00035-1},
} 


@article{IP51737948 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {A quantum sensor for high-performance mass spectrometry},
journal = {Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics},
author = {Rodriguez, D.},
year = {2011},
pages = {1 - 12},
issn = {09462171},
abstract = {A novel device, called quantum sensor, has been conceived to measure the mass of a single ion with ultimate accuracy and unprecedented sensitivity while the ion is stored and cooled in a trap. The quantum sensor consists of a single calcium ion as sensor, which is laser cooled to mK temperatures and stored in a second trap connected to the trap for the ion under study by a common endcap. The cyclotron motion of the ion under investigation is transformed into axial motion along the magnetic field lines and coupled to the sensor ion by the image current induced in the common endcap. The axial motion of the sensor ion in turn is monitored spatially resolved by its fluorescence light. In this way the detection of phonons can be upgraded to a detection of photons. This device will allow one to overcome recent limitations in high-precision mass spectrometry. &copy; 2011 Springer-Verlag.},
key = {Ions},
keywords = {Magnetic fields;Mass spectrometry;Sensors;},
note = {Axial motions;Calcium ions;Cyclotron motion;Detection of photons;High-precision;Laser-cooled;Magnetic field line;Novel devices;Quantum sensors;Single ion;Spatially resolved;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4824-5},
} 


@inproceedings{20111713937926 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Heisenberg-limited quantum sensing and metrology with superpositions of twin-Fock states},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Gerry, Christopher C. and Mimih, Jihane},
volume = {7948},
year = {2011},
pages = {The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Francisco, CA, United states},
abstract = {We discuss the prospects of performing Heisenberg-limited quantum sensing and metrology using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with input states that are superpositions of twin-Fock states and where photon number parity measurements are made on one of the output beams of the interferometer. This study is motivated by the experimental challenge of producing twin-Fock states on opposite sides of a beam splitter. We focus on the use of the so-called pair coherent states for this purpose and discuss a possible mechanism for generating them. We also discuss the prospect of using other superstitions of twin-Fock states, for the purpose of interferometry. &copy; 2011 SPIE.},
key = {Units of measurement},
keywords = {Interferometers;Quantum computers;Quantum theory;},
note = {Beam splitters;Fock state;Heisenberg;Input state;Output beam;Pair-coherent state;Photon numbers;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.873201},
} 


@article{20103413184003 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum sensor sets new limits},
journal = {Photonics Spectra},
author = {Freebody, Marie},
volume = {44},
number = {6},
year = {2010},
issn = {07311230},
address = {Berkshire Common - P.O. Box 4949, Pittsfield, MA 01202-4949, United States},
abstract = {Researchers at Louisiana State University (LSU), US, are taking advantage of the quantum properties of light to design the world's most sensitive optical interferometer. Optical interferometers are used in a vast range of applications, including metrology, surface profiling, microfluidics, and mechanical stress or strain measurement and velocimetry. These instruments operate by combining two or more light sources so that interference fringe patterns are produced. Information derived from such fringe measurements is used to determine precise wavelength and to measure very small distances and thicknesses. The quantum sensor design used by the researchers at the university is a conventional Mach-Zehnder interferometer with the classical laser light source replaced with a quantum squeezed light source. The classical intensity difference counting has also been replaced with a more detailed photon counting scheme in the proposed design for conducting investigations.},
key = {Quantum theory},
keywords = {Design;Interferometers;Light sources;Quantum optics;Sensors;Stresses;},
note = {Intensity difference;Interference fringe pattern;Laser light sources;Louisiana State University;Mechanical stress;Optical interferometer;Photon counting;Quantum properties;Quantum sensors;Squeezed light sources;Surface profiling;Velocimetry;},
} 


@inproceedings{20093712303723 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Exploring entanglement in the context of quantum sensing},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Myers, John M. and Wu, Tai Tsun},
volume = {7342},
year = {2009},
pages = {The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {Orlando, FL, United states},
abstract = {Motivated by an interest in quantum sensing, we define carefully a degree of entanglement, starting with bipartite pure states and building up to a definition applicable to any mixed state on any tensor product of finite-dimensional vector spaces. For mixed states the degree of entanglement is defined in terms of a minimum over all possible decompositions of the mixed state into pure states. Using a variational analysis we show a property of minimizing decompositions. Combined with data about the given mixed state, this property determines the degrees of entanglement of a given mixed state. For pure or mixed states symmetric under permutation of particles, we show that no partial trace can increase the degree ofentanglement. For selected less-than-maximally-entangled pure states, we quantify the degree of entanglement surviving a partial trace. &copy; 2009 SPIE.},
key = {Quantum entanglement},
keywords = {Quantum optics;Tensors;},
note = {Degree of entanglement;Degrees of entanglement;Dimensional vectors;Mixed state;Pure state;Tensor products;Variational analysis;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.818723},
} 


@inproceedings{20104113280719 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Time-symmetric quantum smoothing: A general theory of optimal quantum sensing},
journal = {Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference: 2010 Laser Science to Photonic Applications, CLEO/QELS 2010},
author = {Tsang, Mankei},
year = {2010},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {The important problem of optimal waveform estimation for quantum sensing is solved using a time-symmetric approach. The theory generalizes prior work in classical and quantum estimation and can significantly out-perform previously proposed techniques. &copy; 2010 Optical Society of America.},
key = {Optimization},
note = {General theory;Wave forms;},
} 


@inproceedings{2005299223891 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Proceedings of SPIE -Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices II},
journal = {Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE},
editor = {Razeghi, M.;Brown, G.J.;},
volume = {5732},
year = {2005},
pages = {SPIE - },
issn = {16057422},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 56 papers from the Proceedings of SPIE - Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices II. The topics discussed include: single carbon nanotube photonics; fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotube FETs; carbon nanotube technologies for future ULSI via interconnects; carbon nanotubes and their potential field emission applications; periodic nanometric superstructures for photonic applications; growth of carbon nanotubes by simulation of silicon carbide substrates; quantum cascade lasers, systems, and applications in Europe; new infrared sensors for ballistic missile defense; nanoscale heterostructure INGaAs MSM photodetectors; and self-assembled SiGe dots.},
key = {Carbon nanotubes},
keywords = {Alumina;Atomic force microscopy;Chemical vapor deposition;Diamond like carbon films;Field effect transistors;Light polarization;Lithography;Microelectronics;Photons;Scanning electron microscopy;Scanning tunneling microscopy;Schottky barrier diodes;Semiconductor device manufacture;Semiconductor quantum dots;Silicon wafers;VLSI circuits;},
note = {EiRev;LSI interconnects;Porous alumina;Shell filling;Single electron transistors;Single molecule spectroscopy;Single spin;Spin qubit;Template growth;Ultrafast spectroscopy;},
} 


@inproceedings{1998394313203 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {New CdTe quantum sensor, with improved spatial resolution, for fast X-ray and -ray imaging},
journal = {Materials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings},
author = {Gerstenmayer, Jean-Louis and Bonnin, Olivier and Gerbe, Vincent and Glasser, Francis and Peyret, Olivier},
volume = {487},
year = {1998},
pages = {281 - 286},
issn = {02729172},
address = {Boston, MA, USA},
abstract = {We have designed and tested a new compact, very sensitive (&lt;1 &mu;Rad), X-ray quantum sensor for high energy (0.5-10 MeV) flash imaging. Monte Carlo simulations have been computed for several interesting detector materials (CdZnTe, HgI2-a, BGO, CsI, LSO...). From these calculations, we obtain general design rules and curves which allow one to optimize the pixel size of a sensor to the dose levels. An experimental CdZnTe detector array and its performance is presented.},
key = {Radiation detectors},
keywords = {Computer simulation;Gamma rays;Monte Carlo methods;Semiconducting cadmium compounds;X rays;},
note = {Cadmium zinc telluride;Quantum sensors;},
} 


@inproceedings{2003407653894 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Proceedings of SPIE; Quantum Sensing: Evolution and Revolution from Past to Future},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
editor = {Razeghi, M.;Brown, G.J.;},
volume = {4999},
year = {2003},
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contains 52 papers from the Proceedings of SPIE; Quantum sensing: Evolution and revolution from past to future. Topics discussed include: modeling of photonic crystals and nanostructures; intersubband quantum-box midinfrared semiconductor lasers; dark current study of quantum dots infrared photodetector; monolithic Si-based technology for optical receiver circuits and light-controlled photon tunneling through nonlinear nanoholes.},
key = {Semiconductor materials},
keywords = {Chemical sensors;Ferromagnetic materials;Ferromagnetism;Heterojunctions;Infrared radiation;Laser beams;Magnetoelectric effects;Manganese compounds;Molecular beam epitaxy;Nanostructured materials;Optical pumping;Photocathodes;Semiconductor doping;Semiconductor lasers;Thin films;Transmitters;},
note = {Curie temperature;EiRev;Intersubband quantum-box (IQB) lasers;Nanophotonics;Quantum cascade lasers (QCL);Spin detectors;Spin electronics;Spin-injection;},
} 


@inproceedings{2004388358196 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Proceedings of SPIE: Quantum sensing and nauophotonic devices},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
editor = {Razeghi, M.;Brown, G.J.;},
volume = {5359},
year = {2004},
pages = {SPIE International Society for Optical Engineering - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contains 44 papers from the conference of SPIE : Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices. The topics discussed include: uncooled long-wavelength infrared photon detectors; nanocrystals sensitization of Er in silica for Si-based optical material at 1.5 &mu;m; design of metamaterials with negative refractive index; ultrafraction and negative in metamaterials; design of composites with artificial permeability and nanotechnology for missiles.},
key = {Quantum theory},
keywords = {Crystal structure;Electromagnetic field effects;Electromagnetism;Epitaxial growth;Inclusions;Infrared detectors;Lenses;Magnetic permeability;Microoptics;Microstructure;Microwaves;Optoelectronic devices;Photodetectors;Photoluminescence;Semiconductor quantum wells;Wave propagation;},
note = {Auger suppression;EiRev;Metamaterials;Micro-optical concentrator;Microphotonics;Photocurrent;Photonic crystals;Pn-junction;Resonant inclusions;Ultra reflections;},
} 


@inproceedings{2003407653873 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum 1/f optimization of quantum sensing in spintronic, electrooptic and nano-devices},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Handel, Peter H.},
volume = {4999},
year = {2003},
pages = {322 - 336},
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {Most quantum sensing is limited by fundamental 1/f noise, and is described by the author's quantum 1/f noise theory. The present review paper summarizes this new aspect of quantum mechanics and displays its applications in spin valves and related devices, in the classical forms of infrared detectors, and in various other nanodevices, such as MEMs. In spintronic devices, the quantum 1/f effect causes macroscopic quantum fluctuations of the electronic spin flip rate. They translate into 1/f noise in the leakage current, given by the conventional quantum 1/f formula. In infrared detectors, the dark current exhibits similar quantum 1/f fluctuations that are present in the elementary cross sections and process rates that limit and determine the dark current. In n<sup>+</sup>-p junction infrared detectors, for instance, at low temperatures, these are mainly the recombination cross sections present in the space charge region and on the surface in the junction region. At higher temperatures, they are mainly the scattering cross sections in the diffusion tail in the p region. Conventional quantum 1/f effect in these scattering cross sections will be noticed as mobility fluctuations, and therefore also as 1/f fluctuations in the diffusion constant, causing again 1/f noise in the dark current.},
key = {Quantum electronics},
keywords = {Electric currents;Infrared detectors;Nanostructured materials;Spurious signal noise;},
note = {Spintronics;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.501204},
} 


@article{2003097381595 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {On the impossibility of interaction-free quantum sensing for small I/O bandwidth},
journal = {Information and Computation},
author = {Reif, John},
volume = {163},
number = {1},
year = {2000},
pages = {103 - 122},
issn = {08905401},
abstract = {The impossibility of interaction-free quantum sensing for small I/O bandwidth was discussed. It was shown that there is no method for interaction-free measurement (IFM) with unitary transformations. It was concluded that I/O bandwidth cannot be significantly reduced by such quantum method for sensing. It was also shown that the existence of a method for interaction free sensing (IFS) implies a unitary quantum amplification detection method, which is impossible.},
key = {Quantum theory},
keywords = {Bandwidth;Computer simulation;Mathematical transformations;Matrix algebra;Quantum optics;},
note = {Interaction free sensing (IFS);},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/inco.2000.2880},
} 


@inproceedings{20120814778598 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IX},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
volume = {8268},
year = {2012},
pages = {The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Francisco, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 81 papers. The topics discussed include: mid-infrared field concentration of electrically generated surface plasmons polaritons; analytic calculation for scattering of electromagnetic waves by linear slot array; binary nanoparticle dispersed metamaterial implementation and characterization; spectral filtering with subwavelength gratings: overview and latest advances; semiconductor nanostructures towards optoelectronic device applications; quantum cascade laser enabled nano-liter polymer waveguide sensor; sensitive detection of nitric oxide using a 5.26 &mu;m external cavity quantum cascade laser based QEPAS sensor; spectral selective absorption enhancement from stacked ultra-thin InGaAs/Si fano resonance membranes; linewidth broadening caused by intrinsic temperature fluctuations in quantum cascade lasers; and substrate emission quantum cascade ring lasers with room temperature continuous wave operation.},
} 


@inproceedings{20111913975611 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices VIII},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
volume = {7945},
year = {2011},
pages = {The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Francisco, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 76 papers. The topics discussed include: mid-IR quantum cascade lasers as an enabling technology for a new generation of chemical analyzers for liquids; quantum cascade laser sensors for online gas chromatography; high finesse external cavity VCSELs: from very low noise lasers to dual frequency lasers; integrated terahertz pulse generation and amplification in quantum cascade lasers; all photonic crystal DFBs for laser arrays; modulation cancellation method for laser spectroscopy; real time ammonia detection in exhaled human breath using a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser based sensor; MBE growth and characterization of dilute nitrides for mid-infrared optoelectronic devices; low power consumption lasers for next generation miniature optical spectrometers for trace gas analysis; and Faraday rotation spectroscopy of nitrogen dioxide based on a widely tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser.},
} 


@inproceedings{20102012927120 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices VII},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
volume = {7608},
year = {2010},
pages = {The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Francisco, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 83 papers. The topics discussed include: quantum-dot mode-locked lasers with optical injection; semiconductor quantum light emitters and sensors; quantum-cascade-laser-based optoacoustic detection: application to nitric oxide and formaldehyde; infrared laser-based sensing in medical applications; imaging stand-off detection of explosives using tunable MIR quantum cascade lasers; novel broadband amplifier for mid-infrared semiconductor laser and applications in spectroscopy; current status and potential of high-power mid-infrared intersubband lasers; tuning quantum dot states with optical fields; intersubband device applications of nitride quantum structures; near-field analysis of surface waves generated by nanostructures; optical near field interactions; characterization and physics of top-down silicon nanowire phototransistors; and mid-infrared quantum cascade detectors for applications in spectroscopy and pyrometry.},
} 


@article{20090611895996 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum sensor for atom-surface interactions below 10 m},
journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},
author = {Sorrentino, F. and Alberti, A. and Ferrari, G. and Ivanov, V.V. and Poli, N. and Schioppo, M. and Tino, G.M.},
volume = {79},
number = {1},
year = {2009},
issn = {10502947},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {We report the realization of a quantum device for force sensing at the micrometric scale. We trap an ultracold Sr88 atomic cloud with a one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice; then we place the atomic sample close to a test surface using the same optical lattice as an elevator. We demonstrate precise positioning of the sample at the micrometer scale. By observing the Bloch oscillations of atoms into the 1D optical standing wave, we are able to measure the total force on the atoms along the lattice axis, with a spatial resolution of few micrometers. We also demonstrate a technique for transverse displacement of the atoms, allowing us to perform measurements near either transparent or reflective test surfaces. In order to reduce the minimum distance from the surface, we compress the longitudinal size of the atomic sample by means of an optical tweezer. This system is suited for studies of atom-surface interaction at short distance, such as measurement of the Casimir force and the search for possible non-Newtonian gravity effects. &copy; 2009 The American Physical Society.},
key = {Atoms},
keywords = {Atomic physics;Crystal lattices;Micrometers;Optical materials;Thickness measurement;},
note = {Atomic clouds;Atomic samples;Bloch oscillations;Casimir forces;Force-sensing;Micro-meter scale;Minimum distances;Non newtonians;One-dimensional;Optical lattices;Optical standing waves;Precise positioning;Quantum devices;Quantum sensors;Short distances;Spatial resolutions;Surface interactions;Test surfaces;Total forces;Transverse displacements;Ultra colds;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.013409},
} 


@inproceedings{20093712303711 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum sensor miniaturization prospectus},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Gilbert, G. and Hamrick, M. and Weinstein, Y.S. and Pappas, S.P. and Donadio, A.},
volume = {7342},
year = {2009},
pages = {The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {Orlando, FL, United states},
abstract = {The quantum mechanical phenomenon of entanglement can be utilized to beat the the Rayleigh limit, the classical bound on image resolution. This is done by entangling the photons that are used as the signal states. Using entanglement, the best possible image resolution is instead given by the Heisenberg limit, an improvement proportional to the number of entangled photons in the signal. Here, we present a novel application of entanglement by inverting the above procedure. We show that the resolution obtained by an imaging system utilizing separable photons can be achieved by an imaging system making use of entangled photons, but with the advantage of a smaller aperture. This results in a smaller, lighter imaging system. Smaller imaging systems can be especially valuable in satellite imaging where weight and size play a vital role. &copy; 2009 SPIE.},
key = {Quantum entanglement},
keywords = {Image resolution;Imaging systems;Interferometers;Interferometry;Optoelectronic devices;Photons;Quantum optics;},
note = {Entangled photons;Entanglement;Heisenberg limit;N00N states;Novel applications;Quantum interferometry;Quantum mechanical;Quantum sensors;Rayleigh limit;Satellite imaging;Signal state;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.818700},
} 


@inproceedings{20101912921989 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Entanglement enhanced quantum sensing},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Wieczorek, W. and Krischek, R. and Kiesel, N. and Schmid, Ch. and Weinfurter, H.},
volume = {7608},
year = {2010},
pages = {The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Francisco, CA, United states},
abstract = {Entanglement between quantum objects can be used to enhance the sensitivity of measurements. We demonstrate this effect by using entangled multi-photon states to go beyond the shot noise limit when observing polarization rotations. &copy; 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.},
key = {Quantum entanglement},
keywords = {Nanophotonics;Photons;Quantum optics;},
note = {Entanglement;Multiphoton state;Polarization rotation;Quantum object;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.837531},
} 


@inproceedings{20091311978656 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Proceedings of SPIE: Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices VI},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
volume = {7222},
year = {2009},
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 51 papers. The topics discussed include: airborne atmospheric research using mid-infrared laser spectroscopy; the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the operation of quantum cascade lasers; diagnostics of molecular plasmas and trace gas analysis using mid infrared lasers; hot electron effects and nanoscale heat transfer in tertahertz quantum cascade lasers; application of quantum cascade lasers for infrared spectroscopy of jet-cooled molecules and complexes; infrared QC laser applications to field measurements at atmospheric trace gas sources and sinks in environmental research: enhanced capabilities using continuous wave QCLs; compact ultrafast lasers based on quantum-dot structures; engineered quantum dot structures: fabrication and applications; and self-consistent electronic structure method for broken-gap superlattices.},
} 


@inproceedings{20084611703988 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum sensing based on entangled photons},
journal = {Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, CLEO/QELS 2006},
author = {Luo, Yuhui and Wang, Zhuan and Chan, Kam Tal and Kong, S.K. and Wang, Qingyue and Lin, Chinlon},
year = {2006},
address = {Long Beach, CA, United states},
abstract = {We propose a new sensing method based on two quantum entangled beams. The effects caused by inserting polarizer or DNA solution into one beam can be also detected in the other undisturbed entangled beam. &copy;2006 optical Society of America.},
key = {Lasers},
keywords = {Electron optics;Light;Nucleic acids;Organic acids;Quantum electronics;},
note = {DNA solutions;Entangled photons;Quantum entangled;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CLEO.2006.4628308},
} 


@inproceedings{2006219901636 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Proceedings of SPIE Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices III},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
volume = {6127},
year = {2006},
pages = {SPIE - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 39 papers. The topics discussed include: high power lasers: achievements, challenges, and opportunities; improved performance of quantum cascade lasers via manufacturable quality epitaxial side down mounting process utilizing aluminum nitride heatsinks; high power continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers for MWIR and LWIR applications; high-power distributed-feedback quantum cascade lasers; waveguides with uniaxially patterned layers; cavity ring-down spectroscopy with a pulsed distributed feedback quantum cascade laser; nanostructured semiconductors for optoelectronic applications; GaN quantum dots: nanophotonics and nanophononics; colloidal quantum dots as optoelectronic elements; InAs quantum dot infrared photodetectors on InP by MOCVD; charge carrier transport in barrier in-macroporous silicon structures; and precise control of number of carbon nanotubes growth by current monitoring.},
key = {Nanostructured materials},
keywords = {Aluminum nitride;Carbon nanotubes;Distributed feedback lasers;Epitaxial growth;Infrared detectors;Lasers;Quantum well lasers;Semiconductor quantum dots;},
note = {Nanophononics;Optoelectronic applications;Patterned layers;quantum cascade lasers;},
} 


@inproceedings{20072110615269 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Proceedings of SPIE: Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices IV},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
volume = {6479},
year = {2007},
pages = {SPIE - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 32 papers. The topics discussed include: band-gap induced electron-spin precession upon reflecting from ferromagnetic surfaces; observation of coupled magnetic vortex structure dynamics by time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy; spin-dependent tunneling through a spin-orbit-split barrier; calculations of band structure on the lens and pyramid-shaped InAs quantum dot for confirming the photoluminescence and photoresistance; colloidal quantum dots as optoelectronic elements; type II structure photodiodes: an alternative material design for mid-wave to long wavelength infrared regimes; a resonant tunneling CdSe quantum dot photodetector for spectral resolution in the visible region; and construction of 640&times;512 pixel long-wavelength infrared quantum, dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) focal array.},
key = {Photonic devices},
keywords = {Magnetooptical effects;Nanotechnology;Optical band gaps;Optical Kerr effect;Paramagnetic resonance;Photoluminescence;Quantum theory;},
note = {Colloidal quantum dots;Nanophotonic Devices;Optoelectronic elements;},
} 


@inproceedings{2004388361350 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Semiconductor lasers for quantum sensing},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Panajotov, Krassimir and Arizaleta, Mikel and Gomez, Virginia and Koltys, Krzysztof and Tabaka, Andrzej and Sciamanna, Marc and Veretennicoff, Irina and Thienpont, Hugo},
volume = {5359},
year = {2004},
pages = {360 - 375},
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {Semiconductor lasers can be used simultaneously as optical sources and optical sensors, as they are extremely sensitive to a small amount of coherent optical feedback. We present a survey on experimental results on optical feedback in semiconductor lasers and on different approaches to describe its effect on the laser properties. We show that for long and moderate long external cavities (hundreds of meters down to centimeters) the Lang-Kobayashi delay model, multiple delays and multimode delay rate equation models are in very good agreement with experiments on edge emitting lasers (EELs) and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). We present examples of frequency and polarization mode hopping, periodic and quasiperiodic behavior, different routes to chaos, regular pulse packages, high frequency pulsations and stochastic and coherence resonance, that all have been experimentally and numerically demonstrated. Suitable models for studying laser diodes subject to optical feedback from extremely short external cavity, or ESEC (of the order of the wavelength) are the composite cavity and the multimode butt coupling models that either consider the field amplitudes after multiple reflections in the external cavity (EC) as stationary or treat the whole compound cavity at once. Numerical and experimental studies showed that optical feedback in ESEC leads to detectable change of the laser output power or the voltage drop over the laser for a small change of either the phase or the optical feedback strength. As an example, we discuss experimental and numerical results on spectral and polarization properties of VCSELs subject of insensitive optical feedback from ESEC. The wavelength and the current of polarization switching between the two linearly polarized fundamental modes of the VCSEL are periodically modulated with the external cavity length. High contrast polarization switching is thus possible for quarter-wavelength change of external cavity length. In the case of EEL we experimentally demonstrate that with changing the length of the EC the emitted power, the wavelength and the laser voltage are periodically modulated. We explain the longitudinal mode-hopping between the neighboring composite cavity modes followed by large jumps at the external cavity frequency splitting as a result of the spectral modulation of the effective losses of the composite cavity system.},
key = {Semiconductor lasers},
keywords = {Acoustic noise;Chaos theory;Electric potential;Feedback;Light modulation;Light polarization;Optical sensors;Photons;Quantum theory;Solid state lasers;},
note = {Extremely short external cavity;Multimode rate equation models;Optical data readout;Optical feedback;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.518317},
} 


@inproceedings{2004388361348 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Chalcogenide glasses and structures for quantum sensing},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Sundaram, S.K. and Johnson, B.R. and Schweiger, M.J. and Martinez, J.E. and Riley, B.J. and Saraf, L.V. and Anheier Jr., N.C. and Allen, P.J. and Schultz, J.F.},
volume = {5359},
year = {2004},
pages = {234 - 245},
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {Chalcogenide glasses are formed by combining chalcogen elements with IV-V elements. Among the family of glasses, As<inf>2</inf>S<inf>3</inf>, and As <inf>2</inf>Se<inf>3</inf> are important infrared (IR) transparent materials for a variety of applications such as IR sensors, waveguides, and photonic crystals. With the promise of accessibility to any wavelengths between 3.5 and 16 &mu;m using tunable quantum cascade lasers (QCL) and chalcogenides with IR properties that can be compositionally adjusted, ultra-sensitive, solid-state, photonic-based chemical sensing in mid-wave IR region is now possible. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has been developing quantum cascade lasers (QCLs), chalcogenides, and all other components for an integrated approach to chemical sensing. Significant progress has been made in glass formation and fabrication of different structures at PNNL. Three different glass-forming systems, As-S, As-S-Se, and As-S-Ag have been examined for this application. Purification of constituents from contaminants and thermal history are two major issues in obtaining defect-free glasses. We have shown how the optical properties can be systematically modified by changing the chemistry in As-S-Se system. Different fabrication techniques need to be employed for different geometries and structures. We have successfully fabricated periodic arrays and straight waveguides using laser-writing and characterized the structures. Wet-chemical lithography has been extended to chalcogenides and challenges identified. We have also demonstrated holographic recording or diffraction gratings in chalcogenides.},
key = {Glass},
keywords = {Arsenic compounds;Crystals;Holography;Infrared devices;Lithography;Microstructure;Photons;},
note = {Chalcogenide;Glass formation;Laser writing;Quantum cascade lasers (QCL);},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.517235},
} 


@inproceedings{20093712305475 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum Information and Computation VII},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
volume = {7342},
year = {2009},
pages = {The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {Orlando, FL, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 20 papers. The topics discussed include: practical quantum fault tolerance; a space-efficient quantum computer simulator suitable for high-speed FPGA implementation; the case for biological quantum computer elements; aspects of quantum computational geodesics; exploring entanglement in the context of quantum sensing; riemann curvature in quantum computational geometry; quantum entangled radar theory and a correction method for the effects of the atmosphere on entanglement; quantum imaging: enhanced image formation using quantum states of light; topological quantum image analysis; measurement of a subsystem of a coupled quantum system; the post-selection probability current and its implications; sensing intruders using entanglement: a photonic quantum fence; Quantum sensor miniaturization prospectus; quantum algorithms for colored Jones polynomials; and quantum Fisher information and the qudit depolarization channel.},
} 


@inproceedings{20123015266927 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Generation, detection and applications of quantum hyper-entangled and entangled states},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Smith III, James F.},
volume = {8400},
year = {2012},
pages = {The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {Baltimore, MD, United states},
abstract = {Methods of generating N00N, M&amp;N, linear combinations of M&amp;N states as well as more complicated quantum entangled and quantum hyper-entangled states will be considered. Quantum hyper-entanglement refers to quantum entanglement in more than one degree of freedom, e.g. energy-time, polarization, orbital angular momentum, etc. Internal noise and loss within the entanglement or hyper-entanglement generators and external noise and loss due to atmospheric effects and detectors are modeled. Analysis related to the devices that generate these entangled or hyperentangled states will be provided. The following will be derived: closed form expressions for wave function normalization, wave function, density operator, reduced density operator, phase error bound, the symmetrized logarithmic derivative, the quantum Fisher information, the quantum Cramer-Rao lower bound, the relevant projection operators and the related probability of detection expressions. Generation and detection of the entangled or hyper-entangled states will be considered. The entanglement generators will use linear and nonlinear optical devices. Optimization criteria for the quantum states, generation and detection schemes and designs optimal with respect to the criteria will be discussed. Applications of the generated states for producing super sensitivity and super resolution will be discussed. The fundamental role of coincidence measurement for generating entanglement is included. Hyper-entanglement offers N times classical resolution, where N is a quantum number associated with the system. &copy; 2012 SPIE.},
key = {Quantum entanglement},
keywords = {Cramer-Rao bounds;Fisher information matrix;Noise generators;Optimization;Quantum optics;Wave functions;},
note = {Fisher information;Hyper-entanglement;Linear combinations;N00N state;Quantum imaging;Quantum sensing;Super resolution;Super sensitivity;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.919377},
} 


@inproceedings{20120614741200 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Fundamental frontiers of quantum science and technology},
journal = {Procedia Computer Science},
author = {Arndt, Markus and Bassi, Angelo and Giulini, Domenico and Heidmann, Antoine and Raimond, Jean-Michel},
volume = {7},
year = {2011},
pages = {77 - 80},
issn = {18770509},
address = {Budapest, Hungary},
abstract = {We discuss recent studies on the foundations of quantum physics with photonic, atomic, molecular and micromechanical systems as well as theoretical treatments of the interface between quantum physics and classical observations. Investigations of the type presented here elucidate important boundary conditions for quantum mechanics and help assessing their relevance for future quantum technologies. &copy; Selection and peer-review under responsibility of FET11 conference organizers and published by Elsevier B.V.},
key = {Atomic physics},
keywords = {MESFET devices;Quantum optics;Quantum theory;Technology;},
note = {Matter waves;Micromechanical systems;Quantum Information;Quantum physics;Quantum sensing;Quantum technologies;Science and Technology;Theoretical treatments;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2011.12.024},
} 


@inproceedings{20093712303705 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum entangled radar theory and a correction method for the effects of the atmosphere on entanglement},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Smith III, James F.},
volume = {7342},
year = {2009},
pages = {The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {Orlando, FL, United states},
abstract = {A quantum entangled radar uses entangled photons instead of separate photons. It has been shown that for quantum entangled interferometers that the value of quantum entanglement deteriorates in an environment with attenuation. This paper introduces a correction method that allows the quantum radar to maintain excellent performance even when dealing with an environment with attenuation. The correction method is analogous to techniques used in adaptive optics to improve images. Correction approaches based on signal sources deliberately introduced into the environment and electromagnetic sources already present in the environment are considered. Closed form expressions for estimating the range error are derived for the cases when the radar uses N entangled photons for imaging or N separate imaging photons. Simulations of radar range error estimates for entangled and separate photon cases for propagation media with widely varying attenuation properties are provided. Comparisons of estimates with and without atmospheric correction are given. The atmospheric correction method extends the range of the beneficial effects of entanglement by a factor of 82, i.e. to 5000 km for a slowly varying propagation medium. For a propagation medium with 50 times as much variation, the atmospheric correction method offers super sensitivity for three times the range of the uncorrected case. &copy; 2009 SPIE.},
key = {Quantum entanglement},
keywords = {Atmospherics;Electromagnetic wave attenuation;Light;Light sources;Photons;Quantum optics;Radar imaging;Radar theory;Sensitivity analysis;Sensors;Separation;},
note = {Atmospheric correction;Entanglement;Heisenberg limit;Quantum imaging;Quantum metrology;Quantum radar;Quantum sensing;Quantum sensors;Super sensitivity;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.819918},
} 


@inproceedings{20082011258884 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Mid-infrared vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers based on lead salt/BaF2 Bragg mirrors},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Eibelhuber, Martin and Schwarzl, Thomas and Winter, Andreas and Pascher, Harald and Heiss, Wolfgang and Springholz, Gunther},
volume = {6900},
year = {2008},
pages = {The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {We demonstrate mid-infrared continuous-wave vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers based on Bragg mirrors using IV-VI semiconductors and BaF<inf>2</inf>. This material combination exhibits a high ratio between the refractive indices of up to 3.5, leading to a broad mirror stop band with a relative width of 75 %. Thus, mirror reflectivities higher than 99.7 % are gained for only three layer pairs. Optical excitation of microcavity laser structures with a PbSe active region results in stimulated emission at various cavity modes between 7.3 &mu;m and 5.9 &mu;m at temperatures between 54 K and 135 K. Laser emission is evidenced by a strong line width narrowing with respect to the line width of the cavity mode and a clear laser threshold at a pump power of 130 mW at 95 K. Furthermore, we study a similar microcavity but without an active region. The resonance of such an empty microcavity has a narrow line width of 5.2 nm corresponding to a very high finesse of 750, in good agreement to transfer matrix simulations and to the expected mirror reflectivities.},
key = {Surface emitting lasers},
keywords = {Barium compounds;Computer simulation;Lead compounds;Microcavities;Photoexcitation;Photonic devices;Semiconductor materials;},
note = {Bragg mirrors;Lead salts;Nanophotonic Devices;Quantum Sensing;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.783927},
} 


@article{2003497763319 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Cyclic networks of quantum gates},
journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},
author = {Cabauy, Peter and Benioff, Paul},
volume = {68},
number = {3},
year = {2003},
pages = {032315/1 - 032315/14},
issn = {10502947},
abstract = {The structure of one- and two-qubit cyclic quantum gate networks were classified. The unperturbed evolution for these networks were addressed, and a specific class of perturbations were examined. A discussion on the potential aspects of these networks in regards to new directions in algorithm design with cyclic quantum networks were given. One specific finding was an implementation of a quantum memory using cyclic quantum networks.},
key = {Quantum theory},
keywords = {Algorithms;Computer simulation;Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions;Graph theory;Iterative methods;Mathematical operators;Matrix algebra;Perturbation techniques;},
note = {Cyclic network quantum memory;One-qubit system;Quantum algorithm;Quantum logic gate;Quantum sensor;Two-qubit system;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.68.032315},
} 


@inproceedings{2001346623619 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Miniaturization: Enabling technology for the new millenium},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Razeghi, M. and Mohseni, H.},
volume = {4413},
year = {2001},
pages = {1 - 10},
issn = {0277786X},
address = {Zakopane, Poland},
abstract = {The history of semiconductor devices has been characterized by a constant drive towards lower dimensions in order to increase integration density, system functionality and performance. However, this is still far from being comparable with the performance of natural systems such as human brain. The challenges facing semiconductor technologies in the millenium will be to move towards miniaturization. The influence of this trend on the quntum sensing of infrared radiation is one example that is elated here. A new generation of infrared detectors has been developed by growing layers of different semiconductors with nanometer thicknesses. The resulted badgap engineered semiconductor has superior performance compared to the bulk material. To enhance this technology further, we plan to move from quantum wells to quantum wire and quantum dots.},
key = {Semiconductor devices},
keywords = {Brain models;Electron beam lithography;Infrared radiation;Nanotechnology;Quantum theory;Reactive ion etching;Semiconductor quantum dots;Semiconductor quantum wells;Semiconductor quantum wires;Systems analysis;},
note = {Quantum sensing;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.425401},
} 


@inproceedings{2001346623682 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
editor = {Rutkowski, J.;wenus, J.;Kubiak, L.;},
volume = {4413},
year = {2001},
pages = {State Comminttee for Scientific Research (Poland) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {Zakopane, Poland},
abstract = {The proceedings contains 70 articles from the conference of The International Society for Optical Engineering on Epilayers and Heterostructures in Optoelectronics and Semiconductor technology. The topics discussed include: miniaturization: enabling technology for the new millennium; epitaxy on GaN bulk crystals; optical properties of GaN layers grown by MOCVD; growth, structure, and spectroscopic characterization of the Mn-doped GaN thin films; laser epitaxy of HgCdTe ternary alloy; strain in epitaxial laterally overgrown (ELO) structures; scanning probe microscopy/spectroscopy and its application for nanaotechnology; and solvent effects on morphology and crystal structure of solution-grown organic crystals.},
key = {Semiconductor materials},
keywords = {Carrier mobility;Epitaxial growth;Gallium nitride;Grain growth;Heterojunctions;Laser applications;Multilayers;Optoelectronic devices;Photoluminescence;Polycrystalline materials;Semiconducting gallium arsenide;Single crystals;Spectroscopic analysis;Spectrum analysis;Thin films;X ray analysis;},
note = {EiRev;Epitaxial mismatch;Gas fluxes;Intergrain barrier potential;Laser annealing;Laser reflectometry;Lattice stress gradients;Photoluminescence excitation (PLE);Quantum sensing;Thermodiffusion;},
} 


@inproceedings{2005309231024 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Seasonal course of a normalized differential vegetation index 'NDVI' derived from tower data},
journal = {26th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
author = {Falk, Matthias and Meyers, Tilden and Black, Andy and Barr, Alan and Yamamoto, Susumu and Verma, Shashi and Baldocchi, Dennis},
year = {2004},
pages = {35 - 36},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
abstract = {The monitoring of seasonal, interannual, and biophysical parameters of land surface vegetation cover was carried out by vegetation indices (VI) like the normalized differential index (NDVI). The NDVI was assessed using a reflectance measurements of visible and sortwave solar radiation to represent contributions from reflected near infrared and visible radiation, which in turn scales with fpar and leaf area index. A reduced range of NDVI for both the Tower and MODIS products was evident for temperate coniferous forests whereas boreal coniferous forests show a more pronounced seasonal pattern. The tower broadband derived NDVI together with flux estimates enables whether the tower fluxes were representative to the smallest MODIS grid scale.},
key = {Vegetation},
keywords = {Ecosystems;Forestry;Light absorption;Moisture;Photosynthesis;Sensors;Soils;Surfaces;Vapor pressure;},
note = {Net primary productivity (NPP);Normalized differing vegetation index (NDVI);Quantum sensor;Reflectance measurements;},
} 


@inproceedings{20113614300613 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Enhanced resolution of lossy interferometry by coherent amplification},
journal = {2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and 12th European Quantum Electronics Conference, CLEO EUROPE/EQEC 2011},
author = {Vitelli, C. and Spagnolo, N. and Toffoli, L. and De Martini, F. and Sciarrino, F.},
year = {2011},
address = {Munich, Germany},
abstract = {The aim of quantum sensing is to develop quantum methods to extract the maximum amount of information from a system with minimal disturbance upon it. Indeed, the possibility of performing precision measurements by adopt- ing quantum resources can increase the achievable precision going beyond the semiclassical regime of operation [1,2,3]. However the quantum states suitable for quantum metrology protocols, result extremely fragile under losses and decoherence, unavoidable in experimental implementations, destroying completely quantum benefits [4,5]. This scenario puts the beating of realistic, noisy environments as the main challenge in developing quantum sensing. &copy; 2011 IEEE.},
key = {Electron optics},
keywords = {Optics;Quantum electronics;},
note = {Amount of information;Decoherence;Noisy environment;Precision measurement;Quantum methods;Quantum metrology;Quantum resources;Quantum state;Regime of operation;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2011.5943425},
} 


@inproceedings{20121614949616 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Single photon sources for quantum information applications},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Hofling, S. and Schneider, C. and Heindel, T. and Lermer, M. and Hoang, T.B. and Beetz, J. and Braun, T. and Balet, L. and Chauvin, N. and Li, L. and Reitzenstein, S. and Fiore, A. and Kamp, M. and Forchel, A.},
volume = {8271},
year = {2012},
pages = {The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Francisco, CA, United states},
abstract = {Efficient sources of indistinguishable single photons are a key resource for various applications in fields like quantum sensing, quantum metrology and quantum information processing. In this contribution we report on single photon generation based on III-V semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). To increase the emission efficiency of single photons, it is essential to tailor the radiative properties of the quantum dot emitters by engineering their photonic environment. We present optimized single photon emitters being based on both micropillar and photonics crystal cavities, for applications in a vertical platform and on-chip in-plane platform, respectively. Electrically driven single photon sources with self assembled semiconductor QDs embedded into GaAs/AlAs micropillar cavities emit on demand net rates of ~35 MHz single photons, thus being well exploitable in quantum key distribution systems. In order to establish also a spatially deterministic fabrication platform, position controlled quantum dots are integrated into p-i-n micropillar cavities and single photon emission of a coupled QD-micropillar diode system is observed. Efficient broadband coupling of single photons into photonic crystal waveguides provides the basis for all on-chip quantum information processing, and an according approach is reported. &copy; 2012 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).},
key = {Semiconductor quantum dots},
keywords = {Elementary particle sources;Laser optics;Microcavities;Nanostructures;Optical waveguides;Particle beams;Photons;Quantum chemistry;Quantum optics;Semiconductor materials;},
note = {Emission efficiencies;Fabrication platform;GaAs;In-field;Light emitters;Micro Pillars;Micropillar cavities;On chips;Photonic crystal waveguide;Photonics crystals;Quantum dot emitters;Quantum information applications;Quantum key distribution systems;Quantum metrology;Quantum-information processing;Radiative properties;Self-assembled;Semiconductor QDs;Single photon emission;Single photon emitters;Single photon generation;Single photons;Single-photon source;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.912969},
} 


@article{20121414930219 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Environment-assisted metrology with spin qubits},
journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},
author = {Cappellaro, P. and Goldstein, G. and Hodges, J.S. and Jiang, L. and Maze, J.R. and Srensen, A.S. and Lukin, M.D.},
volume = {85},
number = {3},
year = {2012},
issn = {10502947},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {We investigate the sensitivity of a recently proposed method for precision measurement, focusing on an implementation based on solid-state spin systems. The scheme amplifies a quantum sensor response to weak external fields by exploiting its coupling to spin impurities in the environment. We analyze the limits to the sensitivity due to decoherence and propose dynamical decoupling schemes to increase the spin coherence time. The sensitivity is also limited by the environment spin polarization; therefore, we discuss strategies to polarize the environment spins and present a method to extend the scheme to the case of zero polarization. The coherence time and polarization determine a figure of merit for the environment's ability to enhance the sensitivity compared to echo-based sensing schemes. This figure of merit can be used to engineer optimized samples for high-sensitivity nanoscale magnetic sensing, such as diamond nanocrystals with controlled impurity density. &copy; 2012 American Physical Society.},
key = {Spin dynamics},
keywords = {Impurities;Polarization;Sensors;},
note = {Coherence time;Decoherence;Diamond nanocrystals;Dynamical decoupling;External fields;Figure of merits;High-sensitivity;Impurities in;Impurity density;Magnetic sensing;Nano scale;Precision measurement;Quantum sensors;Sensing schemes;Spin coherence time;Spin systems;Spin-qubits;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.85.032336},
} 


@inproceedings{20123015266922 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Manipulations of cold atoms on a chip: Double well potential and 1-D Bose gas},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Alexander, Jason and Prieto, Violeta and Rowlett, Christopher and Golding, William and Lee, Patricia},
volume = {8400},
year = {2012},
pages = {The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {Baltimore, MD, United states},
abstract = {We report on progress for a couple of experiments on manipulating cold atoms on a chip for quantum sensing. The first experiments are directed towards developing a compact atom interferometer on an atom chip using a double-well potential. The interferometer uses <sup>87</sup>Rb atoms magnetically confined in an atomic waveguide produced by wires on the surface of a lithographically patterned chip. Finite element modeling of combinations of different current configurations with various external bias fields indicated a means of coherently splitting the atomic cloud through dynamically adjusting the currents and bias fields. In these experiments we investigate real-time transformations between different double-well configurations adiabatically and non-adiabatically, and study their effects on the initially trapped atoms. Coherence properties of the two atomic wavepackets are examined. In another set of experiments we investigate the properties of bosons confined to (quasi) one dimension in our magnetic waveguide. When the atom-atom repulsive interaction becomes much larger than the kinetic energy, bosons confined in one dimension can enter a new state of matter, the Tonks-Girardeau gas, in which they behave like non-interacting fermions. However, the bosons can still occupy the same momentum state and therefore the gas cannot be fully described by either Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac statistics. This transition has been observed in optical lattices but not in magnetic atom chip waveguides. We discuss the conditions for obtaining a Tonks-Girardeau gas with <sup>87</sup>Rb atoms in our atom chip waveguide as well as a novel signature for observing the transition in our system. &copy; 2012 SPIE.},
key = {Atoms},
keywords = {Bosons;Coherent light;Experiments;Interferometers;Interferometry;Quantum optics;Rubidium;Statistical mechanics;Waveguides;},
note = {Atom chips;Atom interferometer;Atomic clouds;Atomic waveguides;Bias field;Bose gas;Coherence properties;Cold atoms;Current configuration;Double well;Double-well potential;Fermi-Dirac statistics;Finite element modeling;Magnetic atoms;Magnetic waveguide;Momentum state;One dimension;Optical lattices;Quantum Information;Repulsive interactions;Tonks-Girardeau;Tonks-Girardeau gas;Trapped atoms;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.919546},
} 


@article{20114514492483 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Optimal quantum states for image sensing in loss},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
author = {Nair, Ranjith and Yen, Brent J.},
volume = {107},
number = {19},
year = {2011},
issn = {00319007},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {We consider a general image sensing framework that includes many quantum sensing problems by an appropriate choice of image set, prior probabilities, and cost function. For any such problem, in the presence of loss and a signal energy constraint, we show that a pure input state of light with the signal modes in a mixture of number states minimizes the cost among all ancilla-assisted parallel strategies. Lossy binary phase discrimination with a peak photon number constraint and general lossless image sensing are considered as examples. &copy; 2011 American Physical Society.},
note = {Binary phase;Image sensing;Image sets;Input state;Lossless;Number state;Parallel strategies;Photon numbers;Prior probability;Quantum state;Sensing problems;Signal energy;Signal modes;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.193602},
} 


@inproceedings{20113514281910 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Fundamental quantum limit to waveform estimation},
journal = {2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: Laser Science to Photonic Applications, CLEO 2011},
author = {Tsang, Mankei and Wiseman, Howard M. and Caves, Carlton M.},
year = {2011},
address = {Baltimore, MD, United states},
abstract = {We present a quantum Cramer-Rao bound to the error of waveform estimation in quantum sensing. For optomechanical force sensing, we show that the bound can be achieved using quantum estimation and control techniques. &copy; 2011 OSA.},
key = {Estimation},
keywords = {Cramer-Rao bounds;Optics;Waveform analysis;},
note = {Control techniques;Force sensing;Optomechanical;Quantum limit;Wave forms;},
} 


@article{20113014178974 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Environment-assisted precision measurement},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
author = {Goldstein, G. and Cappellaro, P. and Maze, J.R. and Hodges, J.S. and Jiang, L. and Srensen, A.S. and Lukin, M.D.},
volume = {106},
number = {14},
year = {2011},
issn = {00319007},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {We describe a method to enhance the sensitivity of precision measurements that takes advantage of the environment of a quantum sensor to amplify the response of the sensor to weak external perturbations. An individual qubit is used to sense the dynamics of surrounding ancillary qubits, which are in turn affected by the external field to be measured. The resulting sensitivity enhancement is determined by the number of ancillas that are coupled strongly to the sensor qubit; it does not depend on the exact values of the coupling strengths and is resilient to many forms of decoherence. The method achieves nearly Heisenberg-limited precision measurement, using a novel class of entangled states. We discuss specific applications to improve clock sensitivity using trapped ions and magnetic sensing based on electronic spins in diamond. &copy; 2011 American Physical Society.},
key = {Sensors},
keywords = {Quantum entanglement;},
note = {Coupling strengths;Decoherence;Electronic spins;Entangled state;External fields;External perturbations;Magnetic sensing;Precision measurement;Quantum sensors;Sensitivity enhancements;Trapped ion;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.140502},
} 


@article{20121814984917 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Continuous quantum hypothesis testing},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
author = {Tsang, Mankei},
volume = {108},
number = {17},
year = {2012},
issn = {00319007},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {I propose a general quantum hypothesis testing theory that enables one to test hypotheses about any aspect of a physical system, including its dynamics, based on a series of observations. For example, the hypotheses can be about the presence of a weak classical signal continuously coupled to a quantum sensor, or about competing quantum or classical models of the dynamics of a system. This generalization makes the theory useful for quantum detection and experimental tests of quantum mechanics in general. In the case of continuous measurements, the theory is significantly simplified to produce compact formulas for the likelihood ratio, the central quantity in statistical hypothesis testing. The likelihood ratio can then be computed efficiently in many cases of interest. Two potential applications of the theory, namely, quantum detection of a classical stochastic waveform and test of harmonic-oscillator energy quantization, are discussed. &copy; 2012 American Physical Society.},
key = {Dynamics},
keywords = {Quantum theory;Statistical tests;},
note = {Classical model;Compact formulas;Continuous measurements;Energy quantization;Experimental tests of quantum mechanics;Likelihood ratios;Physical systems;Potential applications;Quantum detection;Quantum hypothesis;Quantum sensors;Statistical hypothesis testing;Wave forms;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.170502},
} 


@article{20103713237387 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Enhanced resolution of lossy interferometry by coherent amplification of single photons},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
author = {Vitelli, Chiara and Spagnolo, Nicolo and Toffoli, Lorenzo and Sciarrino, Fabio and De Martini, Francesco},
volume = {105},
number = {11},
year = {2010},
issn = {00319007},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {In the quantum sensing context most of the efforts to design novel quantum techniques of sensing have been constrained to idealized, noise-free scenarios, in which effects of environmental disturbances could be neglected. In this work, we propose to exploit optical parametric amplification to boost interferometry sensitivity in the presence of losses in a minimally invasive scenario. By performing the amplification process on the microscopic probe after the interaction with the sample, we can beat the losses' detrimental effect on the phase measurement which affects the single-photon state after its interaction with the sample, and thus improve the achievable sensitivity. &copy; 2010 The American Physical Society.},
key = {Multiphoton processes},
keywords = {Amplification;Interferometry;Photons;},
note = {Detrimental effects;Environmental disturbances;Microscopic probes;Minimally invasive;Optical parametric amplification;Quantum techniques;Single photon state;Single photons;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.113602},
} 


@article{20112514071505 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Integrated photonic sensing},
journal = {New Journal of Physics},
author = {Thomas-Peter, N. and Langford, N.K. and Datta, A. and Zhang, L. and Smith, B.J. and Spring, J.B. and Metcalf, B.J. and Coldenstrodt-Ronge, H.B. and Hu, M. and Nunn, J. and Walmsley, I.A.},
volume = {13},
year = {2011},
issn = {13672630},
address = {Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, United Kingdom},
abstract = {Loss is a critical roadblock to achieving photonic quantum-enhanced technologies. We explore a modular platform for implementing integrated photonics experiments and consider the effects of loss at different stages of these experiments, including state preparation, manipulation and measurement. We frame our discussion mainly in the context of quantum sensing and focus particularly on the use of loss-tolerant Holland-Burnett states for optical phase estimation. In particular, we discuss spontaneous four-wave mixing in standard birefringent fibre as a source of pure, heralded single photons and present methods of optimizing such sources. We also outline a route to programmable circuits that allows the control of photonic interactions even in the presence of fabrication imperfections and describe a ratiometric characterization method for beam splitters, which allows the characterization of complex circuits without the need for full process tomography. Finally, we present a framework for performing state tomography on heralded states using lossy measurement devices. This is motivated by a calculation of the effects of fabrication imperfections on precision measurement using Holland-Burnett states. &copy; IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.},
key = {Four wave mixing},
keywords = {Experiments;Multiphoton processes;Tomography;},
note = {Birefringent fibres;Characterization methods;Complex circuits;Fabrication imperfections;Full process tomography;Integrated photonics;Measurement device;Modular platform;Optical phase estimation;Precision measurement;Programmable circuits;Ratiometric;Single photons;State preparation;State tomography;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/13/5/055024},
} 


@inproceedings{20093712303708 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Measurement of a subsystem of a coupled quantum system},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Steiner, M. and Frey, M. and Gulian, A. and Rendell, R.W. and Rajagopal, A.K.},
volume = {7342},
year = {2009},
pages = {The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {Orlando, FL, United states},
abstract = {The Stern-Gerlach (SG) apparatus for measuring the spin of an uncharged spin-1/2 particle is the archetypal quantum sensing device. We study this device for the new problem of measuring the spin of a particle that is coupled externally to another particle. Specifically, we treat two coupled particles in which a single particle is measured by the SG device while the other is not. We show simulations of how the binding energy associated with the external coupling is completely converted to potential energy and kinetic energy as the single particle separates spatially within the magnetic field of the SG device. Additionally we show simulations of how the initial particle acceleration within the SG devices relates to the coupling, the quantum state of the two-particle system, and the initial spatial dispersion of the particlewithin the SG device. The results of our analysis, though obtained specifically for the SG apparatus, may be generic to other quantum measurement devices with similar external coupling. &copy; 2009 SPIE.},
key = {Quantum optics},
keywords = {Binding energy;Density (specific gravity);Magnetic fields;Particle accelerator accessories;Potential energy;Quantum electronics;Sensors;Spin dynamics;},
note = {Coupled Particles;Interacting Particles;Quantum Information;Quantum Measurement;Stern-Gerlach;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.817558},
} 


@inproceedings{20111713937943 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Advances in Photonics of Quantum Computing, Memory, and Communication IV},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
volume = {7948},
year = {2011},
pages = {The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Francisco, CA, United states},
abstract = {The proceedings contain 22 papers. The topics discussed include: improving the imaging ability of ultrasound-modulated optical tomography with spectral-hole burning; atomic tailoring of Eu-centers in thin films for spectral storage applications; coherent detection of ultrasound using spectral hole burning media; bounds on entangled imaging; Heisenberg-limited quantum sensing and metrology with superpositions of twin-fock states; large optical nonlinearities with few photons; experimental implementation of the universal transpose operation; quantum key distribution in a high-dimensional state space: exploiting the transverse degree of freedom of the photon; efficient photon number detection with silicon avalanche photodiodes; N-bits all-optical circular shift register based on semiconductor optical amplifier buffer; and properties of implanted and CVD incorporated nitrogen-vacancy centers: preferential charge state and preferential orientation.},
} 


@article{20113214212845 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Magnetic field sensing beyond the standard quantum limit under the effect of decoherence},
journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},
author = {Matsuzaki, Yuichiro and Benjamin, Simon C. and Fitzsimons, Joseph},
volume = {84},
number = {1},
year = {2011},
issn = {10502947},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {Entangled states can potentially be used to outperform the standard quantum limit by which every classical sensor is bounded. However, entangled states are very susceptible to decoherence, and so it is not clear whether one can really create a superior sensor to classical technology via a quantum strategy which is subject to the effect of realistic noise. This paper presents an investigation of how a quantum sensor composed of many spins is affected by independent dephasing. We adopt general noise models including non-Markovian effects, and in these noise models the performance of the sensor depends crucially on the exposure time of the sensor to the field. We have found that, by choosing an appropriate exposure time within the non-Markovian time region, an entangled sensor does actually beat the standard quantum limit. Since independent dephasing is one of the most typical sources of noise in many systems, our results suggest a practical and scalable approach to beating the standard quantum limit. &copy; 2011 American Physical Society.},
key = {Quantum entanglement},
keywords = {Magnetic fields;Sensors;Standards;},
note = {Decoherence;Dephasing;Entangled state;Exposure-time;Magnetic field sensing;Noise models;Non-Markovian;Non-Markovian effects;Quantum sensors;Scalable approach;Standard quantum limits;Time region;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.84.012103},
} 


@inproceedings{20081711212012 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Pulsed ultrasound-modulated optical tomography using spectral hole-burning},
journal = {Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE},
author = {Li, Youzhi and Kim, Chulhong and Zhang, Huiliang and Wagner, Kelvin H. and Hemmer, Philip and Wang, Lihong V.},
volume = {6856},
year = {2008},
pages = {Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) - },
issn = {16057422},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {We present a novel optical quantum sensor using spectral hole-burning for detecting signals in ultrasound-modulated optical tomography. In this technique, we utilize the capability of sub-MHz spectral filtering afforded by a spectral hole burning crystal to select the desired spectral component from the ultrasound-modulated diffuse light. This technique is capable of providing a large etendue, processing a large number of speckles in parallel, tolerating speckle decorrelation, and imaging in real-time. Experimental results are presented.},
key = {Ultrasonic imaging},
keywords = {Acoustic waves;Diagnostic radiography;Filtration;Imaging techniques;Light;Medical imaging;Optical tomography;Optics;Photons;Speckle;Thermography (temperature measurement);Tomography;Ultrasonic applications;Ultrasonic transmission;Ultrasonics;},
note = {Acousto optics;Diffuse light;Etendue;Experimental results;Optical (PET) (OPET);Pulsed ultrasounds;quantum sensors;speckle decorrelation;Spectral filtering;Spectral hole burning (SHB);thermoacoustics;Ultrasound-modulated;Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.774157},
} 


@inproceedings{20121714966962 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Near-field coupling of a single NV center to a tapered fiber},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Schroder, Tim and Fujiwara, Masazumi and Noda, Tetsuya and Zhao, Hong-Quan and Schell, Andreas W. and Kewes, Gunter and Benson, Oliver and Takeuchi, Shigeki},
volume = {8272},
year = {2012},
pages = {The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Francisco, CA, United states},
abstract = {Furhter miniaturization of funcionalized quantum optical systems down to nm-dimensions and their integration into fibre optical networks is a major challange for future implementations of quantum information, quantum communication and quantum processing applications. Furthermore, scalability, long-term stability and room- as well as liquid helium temperature operation are benchmarking properties of such systems. In this paper, we present the realizations of fiber-coupled diamond-based single photon systems. First, an alignment free, &mu;m-scale single photon source consisting of a single nitrogen vacancy center facet coupled to an optical fiber operating at room temperature is presented. Near-field coupling of the single nitrogen vacancy center is realized by placing a pre-selected nanodiamond directly on the fiber facet in a bottom-up approach. Its photon collection efficiency is comparable to a far-field collection via an air objective with a numerical aperture of 0.82. As the system can be simultaneously excited and its photons be recollected through the fiber, it can be used as a fiber-connected single quantum sensor that allows optical near-field probing on the quantum level. Secondly single nanodiamonds that contain nitrogen vacancy defect centers, are nearfield coupled to a tapered fiber of 300 nanometer in diameter. This system provides a record-high number of 97 kcps single photons from a single defect center into a single mode optical fiber. The entire system can be cooled to liquid Helium temperatures and reheated without breaking. Furhtermore, the system can be evanescently coupled to various nanophotonic structures, e.g. microresonators. The system can also be applied for integrated quantum transmission experiments and the realization of two-photon interference. It can be used as a quantum-randomnumber generator as well as a probe for nano-magnetometry. &copy; 2012 SPIE.},
key = {Fibers},
keywords = {Communication;Fiber optic networks;Integration;Liquefied gases;Nanodiamonds;Nanophotonics;Nitrogen;Particle beams;Photonic crystal fibers;Photons;Quantum communication;Quantum computers;Quantum optics;Quantum theory;Sensors;Superfluid helium;Vacancies;},
note = {Nano diamond;Nanomanipulations;Nitrogen-vacancy;Single emitter;Single photons;Source;Tapered fiber;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.907961},
} 


@article{20120814802115 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Reversible, opto-mechanically induced spin-switching in a nanoribbon-spiropyran hybrid material},
journal = {Nanoscale},
author = {Wong, Bryan M. and Ye, Simon H. and O'Bryan, Greg},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
year = {2012},
pages = {1321 - 1327},
issn = {20403364},
address = {Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 OWF, United Kingdom},
abstract = {It has recently been shown that electronic transport in zigzag graphene nanoribbons becomes spin-polarized upon application of an electric field across the nanoribbon width. However, the electric fields required to experimentally induce this magnetic state are typically large and difficult to apply in practice. Here, using both first-principles density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT, we show that a new spiropyran-based, mechanochromic polymer noncovalently deposited on a nanoribbon can collectively function as a dual opto-mechanical switch for modulating its own spin-polarization. These calculations demonstrate that upon mechanical stress or photoabsorption, the spiropyran chromophore isomerizes from a closed-configuration ground-state to a zwitterionic excited-state, resulting in a large change in dipole moment that alters the electrostatic environment of the nanoribbon. We show that the electronic spin-distribution in the nanoribbon-spiropyran hybrid material can be reversibly modulated via noninvasive optical and mechanical stimuli without the need for large external electric fields. Our results suggest that the reversible spintronic properties inherent to the nanoribbon-spiropyran material allow the possibility of using this hybrid structure as a resettable, molecular-logic quantum sensor where opto-mechanical stimuli are used as inputs and the spin-polarized current induced in the nanoribbon substrate is the measured output. &copy; 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.},
key = {Nanostructures},
keywords = {Calculations;Chromophores;DNA sequences;Electric fields;Graphene;Hybrid materials;Mechanical properties;Photochromism;Stresses;},
note = {Electronic transport;Electrostatic environments;External electric field;First-principles density functional theory;Graphene nanoribbons;Hybrid structure;Magnetic state;Mechanical stimulus;Mechanical stress;Nanoribbons;Optomechanical;Photoabsorptions;Quantum sensors;Spin-polarized;Spin-polarized currents;Spiropyran chromophores;Time-dependent DFT;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2nr11543c},
} 


@article{20092712171409 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Time-symmetric quantum theory of smoothing},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
author = {Tsang, Mankei},
volume = {102},
number = {25},
year = {2009},
issn = {00319007},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {Smoothing is an estimation technique that takes into account both past and future observations and can be more accurate than filtering alone. In this Letter, a quantum theory of smoothing is constructed using a time-symmetric formalism, thereby generalizing prior work on classical and quantum filtering, retrodiction, and smoothing. The proposed theory solves the important problem of optimally estimating classical Markov processes coupled to a quantum system under continuous measurements, and is thus expected to find major applications in future quantum sensing systems, such as gravitational wave detectors and atomic magnetometers. &copy; 2009 The American Physical Society.},
key = {Quantum computers},
keywords = {Markov processes;Quantum electronics;Quantum optics;Sensors;},
note = {Atomic magnetometers;Continuous measurements;Estimation techniques;Future observations;Gravitational wave detectors;Quantum filtering;Quantum system;Retrodiction;Sensing systems;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.250403},
} 


@article{2004088027450 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Photosynthetically active radiation transmittance of forest plantation canopies in the Ethiopian highlands},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
author = {Yirdaw, Eshetu and Luukkanen, Olavi},
volume = {188},
number = {1-3},
year = {2004},
pages = {17 - 24},
issn = {03781127},
abstract = {Hemispherical photographs and a quantum sensor were used to study the canopy photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) transmittance of five forest plantation species in Ethiopia. Red/far-red (R/FR) ratios and temperatures beneath the forest plantations were also measured. The species studied were: Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus patula, Cupressus lusitanica, Grevillea robusta, and Juniperus procera. The canopies of E. globulus, P. patula and G. robusta transmitted about three times as much PPFD as J. procera or C. lusitanica plantations. Furthermore, plantations of G. robusta and E. globulus had the highest, while J. procera had the lowest R/FR ratio. In contrast to J. procera and C. lusitanica, E. globulus and G. robusta had relatively open crowns, higher crown-bases and lower leaf area indices, and as a result, their canopies had higher PPFD transmittance percentages as well as higher below-canopy R/FR ratios and temperatures. From the perspective of understory light regime, plantations of E. globulus and G. robusta are best suited for promoting the natural regeneration of native species. In general, opening of gaps in plantations of heavy-shading tree species may increase the herbaceous layer ground cover, enhance the colonisation and growth of native woody species and consequently may also increase the floristic diversity of mono-specific plantations. &copy; 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
key = {Forestry},
keywords = {Biodiversity;Photosynthesis;Plants (botany);Sensors;},
note = {Hemispherical photographs;Plantations;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.07.024},
} 


@article{20114114414770 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Precision calculation of blackbody radiation shifts for optical frequency metrology},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
author = {Safronova, M.S. and Kozlov, M.G. and Clark, Charles W.},
volume = {107},
number = {14},
year = {2011},
issn = {00319007},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {We show that three group IIIB divalent ions, B<sup>+</sup>, Al<sup>+</sup>, and In<sup>+</sup>, have anomalously small blackbody radiation (BBR) shifts of the ns2 S01-nsnp P0o3 clock transitions. The fractional BBR shifts for these ions are at least 10 times smaller than those of any other present or proposed optical frequency standards at the same temperature, and are less than 0.3% of the Sr clock shift. We have developed a hybrid configuration-interaction + coupled-cluster method that provides accurate treatment of correlation corrections in such ions and yields a rigorous upper bound on the uncertainty of the final results. We reduce the BBR contribution to the fractional frequency uncertainty of the Al<sup>+</sup> clock to 4&times;10<sup>-</sup>19 at T=300K. We also reduce the uncertainties due to this effect at room temperature to 10<sup>-</sup>18 level for B<sup>+</sup> and In<sup>+</sup> to facilitate further development of these systems for metrology and quantum sensing. &copy; 2011 American Physical Society.},
key = {Temperature measurement},
keywords = {Antenna radiation;Clocks;Frequency standards;Ions;Natural frequencies;Optical materials;Optics;Units of measurement;},
note = {BBR shift;Black body radiation;Blackbody radiation shift;Clock transition;Configuration interactions;Correlation corrections;Coupled-cluster methods;Divalent ions;Fractional frequencies;Further development;Optical frequency metrology;Optical frequency standard;Room temperature;Upper Bound;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.143006},
} 


@inproceedings{20072110615338 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Developments towards atomic quantum sensors},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Van Zoest, T. and Muller, T. and Wendrich, T. and Gilowski, M. and Rasel, E.M. and Konemann, T. and Lammerzahl, C. and Dittus, H.J. and Vogel, A. and Bongs, K. and Sengstock, K. and Lewoczko, W. and Peters, A. and Steinmetz, T. and Reichel, J. and Nandi, G. and Schleich, W. and Walser, R. and Ertmer, W.},
volume = {6483},
year = {2007},
pages = {SPIE - },
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {In this proceeding we present ongoing projects concerning high resolution measurements developed for future space missions based on ultracold atoms at the Institut fu&die;r Quantenoptik (IQ) of the Leibniz-Universita&die;t Hannover, This work involves the realization of a Bose Einstein condensate in microgravitational environment and an inertial atomic quantum sensor.},
key = {Optical sensors},
keywords = {Microgravity;Optical resolving power;Optical variables measurement;Quantum theory;},
note = {Atom interferometry;Bose einstein condensation;Cold atoms;Quantum sensors;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.704287},
} 


@article{20082911384317 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Rovibrational quantum interferometers and gravitational waves},
journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},
author = {Wicht, Andreas and Lammerzahl, Claus and Lorek, Dennis and Dittus, Hansjorg},
volume = {78},
number = {1},
year = {2008},
issn = {10502947},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {We show that the application of atom interferometry techniques to the internal, i.e., rotational-vibrational states of molecules provides a new tool for ultrahigh precision tests of fundamental physics. The measurement principle is based on the fact that the electronic structure of molecules is not spherically symmetric. A diatomic quantum sensor can hence distinguish between the direction along its internuclear axis and the two orthogonal directions and is therefore direction sensitive. As an example we show how a molecular rotational-vibrational quantum interferometer based on the hydrogen deuteride molecular ion (HD+) may be used to detect gravitational waves. We show that a monochromatic gravitational wave of dimensionless amplitude h= 10-19 will cause a frequency shift of the order of 30 &mu;Hz between appropriately prepared quantum states, a frequency difference likely to be detectable with the next generation atom interferometers in 1 s. &copy; 2008 The American Physical Society.},
key = {Interferometry},
keywords = {Arsenic compounds;Atomic physics;Atoms;Electronic structure;Gravitational effects;Gravity waves;Hydrogen;Interferometers;Nonmetals;Optical instruments;},
note = {American Physical Society (APS);Atom interferometers;Atom interferometry;Dimensionless amplitude;Frequency differences;Frequency shifting;Fundamental physics;Gravitational waves;Hydrogen deuteride (HD);Internuclear axis;Measurement principles;Molecular ions;Orthogonal directions;Quantum interferometer;Quantum sensors;Quantum states;Ultrahigh precision;Vibrational states;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.78.013610},
} 


@article{20102513015302 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Exploring degrees of entanglement},
journal = {Quantum Information Processing},
author = {Myers, John M. and Wu, Tai Tsun},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
year = {2010},
pages = {239 - 271},
issn = {15700755},
address = {233 Springer Street, New York, NY 10013-1578, United States},
abstract = {In spite of a long history, the quantification of entanglement still calls for exploration. What matters about entanglement depends on the situation, and so presumably do the numbers suitable for its quantification. Regardless of situational complications, a necessary first step is to make available for calculation some quantitative measure of entanglement. Here we define a geometric degree of entanglement, distinct from earlier definitions, but in the case of bipartite pure states related to that proposed by Shimony (Ann N Y Acad Sci 755:675-679, 1995). The definition offered here applies also to multipartite mixed states, and a variational method simplifies the calculation.We analyze especially states that are invariant under permutation of particles, states that we call bosonic. Of interest to quantum sensing, for bosonic states, we showthat no partial trace can increase a degree of entanglement. For some sample cases we quantify the degree of entanglement surviving a partial trace. As a function of the degree of entanglement of a bosonic 3-qubit pure state, we show the range of degree of entanglement for the 2-qubit reduced density matrix obtained from it by a partial trace. Then we calculate an upper bound on the degree of entanglement of the mixed state obtained as a partial trace over one qubit of a 4-qubit bosonic state.As a reminder of the situational dependence of the advantage of entanglement, we review the way in which entanglement combines with scattering theory in the example of light-based radar.},
key = {Quantum entanglement},
note = {Degree of entanglement;Degrees of entanglement;Geometric degree;Mixed state;Multipartite mixed state;Pure state;Quantitative measures;Reduced-density matrix;Scattering theory;Upper Bound;Variational methods;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11128-009-0146-5},
} 


@article{20103513199178 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Quantum tests of the equivalence principle with atom interferometry},
journal = {Acta Astronautica},
author = {Gaaloul, Naceur and Ahlers, H. and Schulze, T.A. and Singh, Y. and Seidel, S.T. and Herr, W. and Ertmer, W. and Rasel, E.},
volume = {67},
number = {9-10},
year = {2010},
pages = {1059 - 1062},
issn = {00945765},
address = {Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom},
abstract = {The weak equivalence principle (EP) represents a corner stone in the general theory of relativity [1]. The validity of this postulate was and is currently tested in different groups with different systems. Among this multitude of methods atom interferometry is considered to be one of the most promising tools in performing high-precision measurements [2]. Using two atom species in free fall with different masses allows comparing two independent measurements of g. This is made possible by creating a mixture of two atomic species at a temperature close to absolute zero. This regime is suitable for the observation of matter waves at long time scales needed for high-precision quantum tests. In this letter an overview of the developments of our quantum sensor devices is done. The up-to-date progress and future prospects in our group of these ambitious and technically challenging projects are briefly presented as well. &copy; 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
key = {Interferometry},
keywords = {Atoms;Equivalence classes;Microgravity processing;Relativity;Sensors;},
note = {Absolute zero;Atom interferometry;Atomic species;Bose-Einstein condensates;Cold atoms;Different mass;Equivalence principles;Free fall;Future prospects;General theory of relativity;High-precision;High-precision measurement;Independent measurement;Matter waves;Quantum sensors;Time-scales;Weak equivalence principle;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.06.043},
} 


@inproceedings{2005309231083 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Photosynthetically active radiation in Zambia},
journal = {26th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
author = {Finch, D.A. and Bailey, W.G. and McArthur, L.J.B. and Nasitwitwi, M.},
year = {2004},
pages = {367 - 369},
address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
abstract = {The temporal variation in K&darr and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at Lusaka, Zambia was presented. An Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP) was used to measure K&darr and a LICOR Li-190 quantum sensor was used to measure PAR (photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)). The mean daily PAR/K&darr ratio decreased during the hot-dry season and increased in the warm-wet season. The results show that the variation was due to trends in cloudiness and the associated atmospheric moisture associated with the movement of the Haadley cell circulation system.},
key = {Solar radiation},
keywords = {Aerosols;Atmospherics;Biomass;Clouds;Dust;Moisture;Photons;Photosynthesis;Sensors;Turbidity;Vapors;},
note = {Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD);Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR);Precision spectral pyranometer (PSP);Quantum sensors;},
} 


@article{1986100157484 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {IRRADIANCE AND PLANT TEMPERATURE MONITOR/CONTROLLER.},
journal = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture},
author = {White, John W. and Hamilton, John H.},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
year = {1985},
pages = {95 - 103},
issn = {01681699},
abstract = {Photosynthetic photon flux density was monitored using a quantum sensor, while plant temperature was monitored with an infrared thermometer. A microprocessor integrated the signals from each sensor and permitted a choice of priority control of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps or infrared (IR) heaters for control of plant temperature. It also permits dimming of HID lamps inversely proportional to natural irradiance. Effects of the monitor/controller changes on high-pressure sodium lamp output to input ratio, lamp life and dimming response time are illustrated. The effects of irradiance variations on leaf heating and cooling are presented. (Edited autor abstract) Refs.},
key = {TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS},
keywords = {AGRONOMY;GREENHOUSES;LIGHT - Monitoring;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1699(85)90009-2},
} 


@article{20101812906521 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Noise-resilient quantum interface based on quantum nondemolition interactions},
journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics},
author = {Marek, Petr and Filip, Radim},
volume = {81},
number = {4},
year = {2010},
issn = {10502947},
address = {One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, United States},
abstract = {We propose a quantum interface protocol based on two quantum nondemolition (QND) interactions arranged either in sequence or in parallel. Since the QND coupling arises naturally in interactions between light and a macroscopic ensemble of atoms, or between light and a micromechanical oscillator, the proposed interface is capable of transferring a state of light onto these matter systems. The transfer itself is perfect and deterministic for any quantum state, for arbitrarily small interaction strengths, and for arbitrarily large noise of the target system. It requires an all-optical preprocessing with a coupling stronger than that between the light and the matter, and a displacement feed-forward correction of the matter system. We also suggest a probabilistic version of the interface, which eliminates the need for the feed-forward correction at the cost of a reduced success rate. An application of the interface can be found in the construction of a quantum memory or in the state preparation for quantum sensing. &copy; 2010 The American Physical Society.},
key = {Quantum theory},
keywords = {Cost reduction;},
note = {All-optical;Feed-Forward;Interaction strength;Micromechanical oscillators;Quantum interfaces;Quantum memories;Quantum state;Quantum-nondemolition interactions;State preparation;Target systems;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042325},
} 


@inproceedings{1999194599128 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Submersible respirometer designed to measure the metabolism of benthic marine plants and invertebrates},
journal = {Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)},
author = {Jaubert, Jean M. and Chisholm, John R.M. and Marchioretti, Manuel and Priouzeau, Fabrice},
volume = {3},
year = {1998},
pages = {1754 - 1756},
issn = {01977385},
address = {Nice, Fr},
abstract = {The respirometer included: a data-logger (Li-1000, Li-Cor), secured within a pressure-resistant, waterproof, acrylic housing; different sets of transparent incubation chambers fitted within polarographic O<inf>2</inf> electrodes, containing built-in temperature sensors; and a spherical (4p) quantum sensor. Inlet and outlet teflon ball valves were fitted to the base of each incubation chamber and connected by Tygon hose to an external centrifugal pump, which flushed the chambers at regular intervals with fresh seawater. Incubations lasted a total of 24 h. The respirometer was used to investigate the primary production, at different depths, by the green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in the northern Mediterranean and by &Lt;micro-colonies&Gt; of the reef-building coral Stylophora pistillata in the northern Red Sea. These investigations indicated: (a) that C. taxifolia may satisfy a significant proportion of its basal metabolic requirement at depths greater than 25-30 m near Monaco by uptake of organic carbon from substrata via its subterranean rhizoids; and (b) that S. pistillata comprises 3 different depth (light) adapted strains in the Gulf of Aqaba.},
key = {Underwater equipment},
keywords = {Algebra;Electrodes;Marine biology;Metabolism;Plastic parts;Pumps;Quantum electronics;Reefs;Sensors;},
note = {Submersible respirometers;},
} 


@article{2004318285323 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {A fiberoptic-based system for integrating photosynthetically active radiation in plant canopies},
journal = {HortScience},
author = {Bauerle, William L. and Bowden, Joseph D.},
volume = {39},
number = {5},
year = {2004},
pages = {1027 - 1029},
issn = {00185345},
abstract = {This report describes a system for integrating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) using fiberoptics. Many photoelectric sensors or 1-m-long line sensors that integrate individual interception points for spatial averaging were replaced with fiberoptics, which integrate interception points. Depending on the positioning of optical fibers and the amount of fibers terminated at a PAR sensor, whole-plant, canopy layer, and individual leaf light interception can be determined. The use of fiberoptics has the added advantage of being very small in comparison to the bulk of a typical quantum sensor. The fiberoptic-based system potentially is a more accurate, less expensive method to integrate PAR throughout plant canopies than PAR sensors.},
key = {Harvesting},
keywords = {Photosynthesis;Plants (botany);Radiation effects;},
note = {Fiberoptics;Light interception;Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR);},
} 


@article{2001396659811 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Light attenuation by early successional plants of the boreal forest},
journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
author = {Shropshire, C. and Wagner, R.G. and Wayne Bell, F. and Swanton, C.J.},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
year = {2001},
pages = {812 - 823},
issn = {00455067},
abstract = {The influence of eight early successional plant species from the boreal forest on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were compared using a controlled plant competition study. Four woody (green alder, Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh; upland willow, Salix humilis Marsh.; white birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh.; wild red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L.) and four herbaceous (eastern bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum L.; bluejoint grass, Calamagrostis canadensis Michx.; large-leaved aster, Aster macrophyllus L.; fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium L.) plant species were studied using an additive density experiment with jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings. The transmission of PAR through the plant canopies was measured using a line quantum sensor under six plant density treatments at the time of maximum canopy development each year. Four measures of plant abundance (planting density, actual density, projected leaf area index, and crown cover) were evaluated for their ability to predict PAR transmission through the plant canopies. Visual estimates of crown cover provided the best models each year. Vertical profiles of PAR transmission were used to compare the canopy structure among plant species and were used to refine the models. During the second growing season, increasing crown cover of bluejoint grass and large-leaved aster had the largest influence on PAR. In the third season, green alder, upland willow, and white birch (along with bluejoint grass and fireweed at the jack pine crown level) had the greatest influence on PAR. PAR measurements taken from a nearby forest for several of the plant species indicate that the models developed from our controlled experiment are reasonably applicable to naturally occurring plant populations.},
key = {Plants (botany)},
keywords = {Attenuation;Biodiversity;Radiation effects;},
note = {Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR);},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-31-5-812},
} 


@article{2003407661555 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {State and parameter estimation of microalgal photobioreactor cultures based on local irradiance measurement},
journal = {Journal of Biotechnology},
author = {Su, Wei Wen and Li, Jian and Xu, Ning-Shou},
volume = {105},
number = {1-2},
year = {2003},
pages = {165 - 178},
issn = {01681656},
abstract = {Local photosynthetic photon flux fluence rate (PPFFR) determined by a submersible 4&pi; quantum micro-sensor was used in developing a versatile on-line state estimator for stirred-tank microalgal photobioreactor cultures. A marine micro-alga Dunaliella salina was used as a model organism in this study. On-line state estimation was realized using the extended Kalman filter (EKF), based on a state model of the photobioreactor and on-line local PPFFR measurement. The dynamic state model for the photobioreactor was derived based on mass-balance equations of the relevant states. The measurement equation was established based on an empirical correlation between the microalgal biomass concentration and the local PPFFR measured at a fixed point inside the photobioreactor. An internal model approach was used to estimate the specific growth rate without the need of state-based kinetic expression. The estimator was proven to be capable of estimating biomass concentration and specific growth rate, as well as phosphate and dissolved oxygen concentrations in a photobioreactor illuminated with either fixed or time-varying incident radiation. The quantum sensor was shown to be robust and able to quickly respond to dynamic changes in local PPFFR. In addition, the quantum sensor outputs were not affected by bubble aeration or agitation within the typical operating range. The strong filtering capacity of EKF gives the state estimator superior performance compared to direct calculation from the empirical biomass/local PPFFR correlation. This state estimation system makes use of inexpensive and reliable sensor hardware to report key process dynamics of microalgal photobioreactor cultures on-line, enabling improved operation of such a process. &copy; 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
key = {Biotechnology},
keywords = {Algae;Biomass;Bioreactors;Cell culture;Concentration (process);Correlation methods;Kalman filtering;Parameter estimation;Photosynthesis;},
note = {Quantum sensors;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(03)00188-3},
} 


@article{1987100155545 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A TEST FACILITY FOR DETERMINING PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF LUMINAIRES FOR GREENHOUSES.},
journal = {Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers},
author = {Turn, S.Q. and Walker, P.N.},
volume = {30},
number = {2},
year = {1987},
pages = {492 - 495, 501},
issn = {00012351},
abstract = {A facility was designed and constructed for testing luminaires which are used for supplemental greenhouse lighting, to determine their photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) distribution patterns. In the facility, a microcomputer controls the movement of a luminaire and a quantum sensor, and collects and records data from the sensor. To demonstrate the use of this facility, a single luminaire was tested at heights of 1. 5 and 2. 0 m. Test data were analyzed and contour plots of PPFD were produced. PPFD distributions were then calculated for 2. 0 m and 3. 0 m luminaire spacing grids with a luminaire height of 1. 5 m. The uniformity coefficient was determined and a contour plot of PPFD was made of a typical grid sector for each spacing. The 2. 0 m spacing had an average PPFD of 90. 5 mu mol s** minus **1 m** minus **2 and a uniformity coefficient of 0. 84; whereas for the 3. 0 m spacing, these values were 40. 2 and 0. 75 respectively.},
key = {LIGHTING FIXTURES},
keywords = {ELECTRIC LIGHTING - Photosynthesis;GREENHOUSES - Lighting;PHOTONS - Measurements;},
note = {LUMINAIRES;PHOTON FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION;},
} 


@inproceedings{2003407653886 ,
language = {English},
copyright = {Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.},
copyright = {Compendex},
title = {Recent Advances in InAs/GaSb Superlattices for Very Long Wavelength Infrared Detection},
journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
author = {Brown, G.J. and Szmulowicz, F. and Mahalingam, K. and Houston, S. and Wei, Y. and Gin, A. and Razeghi, M.},
volume = {4999},
year = {2003},
pages = {457 - 466},
issn = {0277786X},
address = {San Jose, CA, United states},
abstract = {New infrared (IR) detector materials with high sensitivity, multi-spectral capability, improved uniformity and lower manufacturing costs are required for numerous long and very long wavelength infrared imaging applications. One materials system has shown great theoretical and, more recently, experimental promise for these applications: InAs/In<inf>x</inf>Ga<inf>1-x</inf>Sb type-II superlattices. In the past few years, excellent results have been obtained on photoconductive and photodiode samples designed for infrared detection beyond 15 microns. The infrared properties of various compositions and designs of these type-II superlattices have been studied. The infrared photoresponse spectra are combined with quantum mechanical modeling of predicted absorption spectra to provide insight into the underlying physics behind the quantum sensing in these materials. Results for superlattice photodiodes with cut-off wavelengths as long as 25 microns will be presented.},
key = {Infrared detectors},
keywords = {Composition;Imaging systems;Multispectral scanners;Photoconductivity;Photodiodes;Quantum theory;Semiconducting indium compounds;Superlattices;},
note = {Photoresponse;},
URL = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.483916},
}