2. Develop the layout of those elements

There are two common approaches to laying out GUIs

Manual arrangement using a program similar to a graphics editor (Visio, Dia, etc.) but with GUI elements as the building blocks
- Easy & quick
- Resulting layouts are often inflexible
  - Respond badly to window’s being resized
  - Or to being displayed on smaller screens, different operating systems, window managers, etc.
Programmed arrangement
- Takes more effort
  - Though not much more given the need to program behaviors of the elements
- Code can implement policies for resizing

Programmed Approach in Java

Uses a combination of

Container/nesting relationships
Layout managers

GUI Container Elements

Some GUI elements are containers that hold other elements
- The size and position of the container constrains the possible positions of the elements within it
- Internal positioning is controlled by a layout manager.

GUI Elements in StringArt

The outermost container is a window (JFrame)
- This is a container.
- Specifically, it contains a “content pane”
- We add elements to the content pane
The window’s content pane will contain
- Our drawing canvas (JPanel) and, beneath that,
- A control panel (JPanel)
The control panel will contain
- The two buttons for choosing colors
- the test extry box for the step size

Structural Summary

Where Did the Control Panel Come From?

Java has a handful of rules for easily arranging elements
- horizontal rows
- vertical columns
- grids
- arranged around a center, etc.
It’s easiest to break a desired arrangement down into a combination of these
- e.g., horizontal row within the control panel, and vertical within the window

Programming the Containment

GUI container elements are handled much like utility containers

containment.java

  public void createAndShowGUI() {
      window = new JFrame();       ➊
         //...
      canvas = new JPanel () {     ➋
          //...
          }
      };
    canvas.setBackground(Color.white);
    window.getContentPane().add (canvas, BorderLayout.CENTER);  ➌
    canvas.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 400));
    
    JPanel controls = new JPanel();                             ➍
    
    colorChooser1 = new JButton("Color 1");                     ➎
    controls.add (colorChooser1);
      //...
    colorChooser2 = new JButton("Color 2");
    controls.add (colorChooser2);
      //...
    stepSizeIn = new JTextField (""+stepSize, 5);
    controls.add (stepSizeIn);
      //...
    window.getContentPane().add (controls, BorderLayout.SOUTH);  ➏
      //...
    window.pack();                                               ➐
    window.setVisible(true);
  }

➊ Create the window
➋ Create the canvas
➌ Add the canvas to the window’s content pane
➍ Create the control panel
➎ Create the buttons and text field and add to the control panel
➏ Add the control panel to the window’s content pane
➐ Arrange the components of the GUI and display the window.

Laying out the components

Java has several layout managers.

These give us several options for how to arrange our components
Need to choose one for each container
For the control panel, we want a horizontal row
- FlowLayout, BoxLayout, or BorderLayout would work
- FlowLayout is already the default for JPanels, so it’s easiest to stick with that
For the window’s content pane, we want a vertical row
- BoxLayout or BorderLayout would work
- I chose BorderLayout

Using Border Layout

  public void createAndShowGUI() {
      window = new JFrame();
      // set up the components
      window.getContentPane().setLayout (
            new BorderLayout());
    
      canvas = new JPanel () {
          ⋮
          }
      };
      ⋮
    window.getContentPane().add (canvas, 
             BorderLayout.CENTER);
    
    JPanel controls = new JPanel();
      ⋮
    window.getContentPane().add (controls, 
              BorderLayout.SOUTH);
      ⋮

Miscellaneous Appearance Code

appearance.java

  public void createAndShowGUI() {
      window = new JFrame();
      // set up the components
      window.getContentPane().setLayout (new BorderLayout());
    
      canvas = new JPanel () {
          //...
          }
      };
    canvas.setBackground(Color.white);
    window.getContentPane().add (canvas, BorderLayout.CENTER);
canvas.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 400));  ➊
    
    JPanel controls = new JPanel();
    
    colorChooser1 = new JButton("Color 1");
    controls.add (colorChooser1);
    setColor(colorChooser1, colors[0]);
    colorChooser1.addActionListener (new ColorChooser(colorChooser1, 0));
    
    colorChooser2 = new JButton("Color 2");
    controls.add (colorChooser2);
    setColor(colorChooser2, colors[1]);
    colorChooser2.addActionListener (new ColorChooser(colorChooser2, 1));
    
    stepSizeIn = new JTextField (""+stepSize, 5);
    controls.add (stepSizeIn);
    stepSizeIn.addActionListener (new ActionListener()
      {
        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
          try {
            Integer newSize = new Integer(stepSizeIn.getText());
            stepSize = newSize.intValue();
            canvas.repaint();
          } catch (Exception ex) {};
        }
      });

    window.getContentPane().add (controls, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
    
    window.setDefaultCloseOperation((startedInAnApplet) ? JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE : JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    
    window.pack();
    window.setVisible(true);
  }

  /**
   * Sets the background color of a button to the indicated color.
   * Changes the foreground to wither black or white, depending on
   * which will give more contrast agasint the new background.
   * 
   * @param button
   * @param color
   */
  private void setColor(JButton button, Color color) {   ➋
    button.setBackground(color);
    int brightness = color.getRed() + color.getGreen() + color.getBlue(); // max of 3*255
    if (brightness > 3*255/2) {
        // This is a fairly bright color. Use black lettering
        button.setForeground (Color.black);
    } else {
        // This is a fairly dark color. Use white lettering
        button.setForeground (Color.white);
    }
}

Most of the highlighted code is self-explanatory

➊The canvas, a panel with no internal components, has no “natural” size and tends to shrink to \( 0\times 0 \) if we aren’t careful
➋This utility function sets the background color of a button to match the color that it selects, and makes sure that the foreground color of the text is visible in contrast.

3. Add listeners to the elements

We need to implement some behaviors

Closing the window shuts down the program
Entering a number in the text box changes the step size in the model
Clicking a color button pops up a color selection dialog and updates the model

Closing the Window

Here we use a shorthand technqiue rather than create a full-fledged functor to listen:

public void createAndShowGUI() {
    window = new JFrame();
       ⋮
  window.setDefaultCloseOperation(
    (startedInAnApplet)
        ? JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE 
        : JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
       ⋮
}

Entering the Step Size

This is handled by an ActionListener, which is triggered when we hit Enter/Return with the cursor positioned in the text box.

 stepSizeIn = new JTextField (""+stepSize, 5);
 controls.add (stepSizeIn);
 stepSizeIn.addActionListener (new ActionListener()
   {
     public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
       try {
         Integer newSize = new Integer(
                       stepSizeIn.getText());
         stepSize = newSize.intValue();
            ⋮
       } catch (Exception ex) {};
     }
   });

Color Selection

Buttons notify an ActionListener when a button is clicked

    colorChooser1 = new JButton("Color 1");
    controls.add (colorChooser1);
    setColor(colorChooser1, colors[0]);
    colorChooser1.addActionListener (
        new ColorChooser(colorChooser1, 0));
    
    colorChooser2 = new JButton("Color 2");
    controls.add (colorChooser2);
    setColor(colorChooser2, colors[1]);
    colorChooser2.addActionListener (
        new ColorChooser(colorChooser2, 1));

We implement this with our own subclass of ActionListener, ColorChooser.

ColorChooser

colorchooser.java

  private class ColorChooser implements ActionListener {
      private JButton button;          ➊
      private int colorNum;

      public ColorChooser (JButton button, int colorNum) {
          this.button = button;        ➋
          this.colorNum = colorNum;
      }

      @Override
      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {   ➌
          Color chosen = JColorChooser.showDialog(window, "Choose a color", 
                  colors[colorNum]);
          if (chosen != null) {
              colors[colorNum] = chosen;   ➍
              setColor (button, chosen);
              canvas.repaint();
          }
      }
  };

➊ Each ColorChooser object will remember which button it is attached to and which of the two colors it controls.
➋ That info is gathered and remembered in the constructor.
➌ Here is the function that we must provide if we are to implement ActionListener

The JColorChooser invoked in the first line pops up the stnadard Java color selection box.

➍ Once we have a selected color, we update the appropriate element of the model’s colors array, and also change the button’s coloring.

4. Implement custom drawing

The proper moment for drawing GUI elements is a bit tricky.

Think of some of the various situations in which all or part of a window needs to be redrawn:

The program concludes some kind of computation and needs to display the results (i.e., a program state change).
We had previously clicked on the minimize/iconify control to reduce the window to an icon, and now we click on the icon to open it back up to a full window.
The window was completely or partially hidden beneath other windows and we Alt-tab to bring it back up to the top.
We drag another window or other item across the front of window, continuously hiding and revealing different potions of the window as we do so.

Any of these can force part or all of an application to need redrawing. Some of these (state changes) are under direct program control. Most are not.

paint and repaint

Most GUI elements already take care of drawing themselves.
For elements with customized appearance:
- Programmer provides a paint function.

    canvas = new JPanel () {
        public void paint (Graphics g) {
          super.paint(g);
          drawLines (g, getSize());
        }
      };

Paint and Repaint

We never call paint directly
We call repaint()
- That asks the system to schedule a call to paint for sometime in the near future.
One reason for this indirect approach is that some actions (e.g., dragging things on the screen) can result in lots of repaint requests being sent within a very short period of time. If we actually had to redraw the GUI that often, machines with slower CPUs or graphics could be overwhelmed. The run-time system is allowed to “buffer” multiple requests to repaint the same GUI elements, so long as it does eventually call paint().

Repainting the StringArt Canvas

repainting.java

  private class ColorChooser implements ActionListener {
      private JButton button;
      private int colorNum;

      public ColorChooser (JButton button, int colorNum) {
          this.button = button;
          this.colorNum = colorNum;
      }

      @Override
      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
          Color chosen = JColorChooser.showDialog(window, "Choose a color", colors[colorNum]);
          if (chosen != null) {
              colors[colorNum] = chosen;
              setColor (button, chosen);
              canvas.repaint();
          }
      }
  };


  public void createAndShowGUI() {
      window = new JFrame();
      // set up the components
      window.getContentPane().setLayout (new BorderLayout());
    
      canvas = new JPanel () {
          public void paint (Graphics g) {
              super.paint(g);
              drawLines (g, getSize());
          }
      };
    canvas.setBackground(Color.white);
    window.getContentPane().add (canvas, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    canvas.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 400));
    
    JPanel controls = new JPanel();
    
    colorChooser1 = new JButton("Color 1");
    controls.add (colorChooser1);
    setColor(colorChooser1, colors[0]);
    colorChooser1.addActionListener (new ColorChooser(colorChooser1, 0));
    
    colorChooser2 = new JButton("Color 2");
    controls.add (colorChooser2);
    setColor(colorChooser2, colors[1]);
    colorChooser2.addActionListener (new ColorChooser(colorChooser2, 1));
    
    stepSizeIn = new JTextField (""+stepSize, 5);
    controls.add (stepSizeIn);
    stepSizeIn.addActionListener (new ActionListener()
      {
        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
          try {
            Integer newSize = new Integer(stepSizeIn.getText());
            stepSize = newSize.intValue();
            canvas.repaint();
          } catch (Exception ex) {};
        }
      });

    window.getContentPane().add (controls, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
    
    window.setDefaultCloseOperation((startedInAnApplet) ? JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE : JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    
    window.pack();
    window.setVisible(true);
  }

We request a repaint of the canvas after any operation that could change its appearance.

The Full Listing

StringArt.java

import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.ItemEvent;
import java.awt.event.ItemListener;

import javax.swing.JApplet;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JColorChooser;
import javax.swing.JComboBox;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JTextField;

/**
 * A simple example of GUI event handling in a Java application.
 * 
 * This can be run as a main program or as an applet.
 * 
 * @author zeil
 *
 */


public class StringArt extends JApplet {

  private boolean startedInAnApplet;
    
// The Model
  private Color[] colors;
  private int stepSize = 5;
  
  // The View & Controls
  private JFrame window;
  private JPanel canvas;
  private JButton colorChooser1;
  private JButton colorChooser2;
  private JTextField stepSizeIn;
  

  private class ColorChooser implements ActionListener {
      private JButton button;
      private int colorNum;

      public ColorChooser (JButton button, int colorNum) {
          this.button = button;
          this.colorNum = colorNum;
      }

      @Override
      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
          Color chosen = JColorChooser.showDialog(window, "Choose a color", colors[colorNum]);
          if (chosen != null) {
              colors[colorNum] = chosen;
              setColor (button, chosen);
              canvas.repaint();
          }
      }
  };

  public StringArt()
  {
      startedInAnApplet = false;
      window = null;
      colors = new Color[2];
      colors[0] = Color.red;
      colors[1] = Color.blue;
  }
  
  
  public static void main (String[] args)
  {
      StringArt instance = new StringArt();
      instance.createAndShowGUI();  
  }
  
  public void createAndShowGUI() {
      window = new JFrame();
      // set up the components
      window.getContentPane().setLayout (new BorderLayout());
    
      canvas = new JPanel () {
          public void paint (Graphics g) {
              super.paint(g);
              drawLines (g, getSize());
          }
      };
    canvas.setBackground(Color.white);
    window.getContentPane().add (canvas, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    canvas.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 400));
    
    JPanel controls = new JPanel();
    
    colorChooser1 = new JButton("Color 1");
    controls.add (colorChooser1);
    setColor(colorChooser1, colors[0]);
    colorChooser1.addActionListener (new ColorChooser(colorChooser1, 0));
    
    colorChooser2 = new JButton("Color 2");
    controls.add (colorChooser2);
    setColor(colorChooser2, colors[1]);
    colorChooser2.addActionListener (new ColorChooser(colorChooser2, 1));
    
    stepSizeIn = new JTextField (""+stepSize, 5);
    controls.add (stepSizeIn);
    stepSizeIn.addActionListener (new ActionListener()
      {
        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
          try {
            Integer newSize = new Integer(stepSizeIn.getText());
            stepSize = newSize.intValue();
            canvas.repaint();
          } catch (Exception ex) {};
        }
      });

    window.getContentPane().add (controls, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
    
    window.setDefaultCloseOperation((startedInAnApplet) ? JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE : JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    
    window.pack();
    window.setVisible(true);
  }
  
  /**
   * Sets the background color of a button to the indicated color.
   * Changes the foreground to wither black or white, depending on
   * which will give more contrast agasint the new background.
   * 
   * @param button
   * @param color
   */
  private void setColor(JButton button, Color color) {
    button.setBackground(color);
    int brightness = color.getRed() + color.getGreen() + color.getBlue(); // max of 3*255
    if (brightness > 3*255/2) {
        // This is a fairly bright color. Use black lettering
        button.setForeground (Color.black);
    } else {
        // This is a fairly dark color. Use white lettering
        button.setForeground (Color.white);
    }
}

  // Applet functions
  
  public void init() {
      startedInAnApplet = true;
  }

public void start() {
    if (window == null)
        createAndShowGUI();
  }
  
  public void stop() {
  }
  
  public void destroy() {
  }
  
  
  
  
  int interpolate (int x, int y, int i, int steps)
  {
    return (i * x + (steps-i)*y) / steps;
  }
  
  
  Color interpolate(Color c1, Color c2, int i, int steps)
  {
    return new Color (interpolate(c1.getRed(), c2.getRed(), i, steps),
                      interpolate(c1.getGreen(), c2.getGreen(), i, steps),
                      interpolate(c1.getBlue(), c2.getBlue(), i, steps));
  }
  

  class Point {
    double x;
    double y;
  }

  Point ptOnCircle (int degrees, int radius, Point center) 
  {
    Point p = new Point();
    double theta = Math.toRadians((double)degrees);
    p.x = center.x + (double)radius * Math.cos(theta);
    p.y = center.y + (double)radius * Math.sin(theta);
    return p;
  }

  public void drawLines(Graphics g, Dimension d)
  {
    int dmin = (d.width < d.height) ? d.width : d.height;
    
    if (stepSize < 1)
      stepSize = 1;

    Point center = new Point();
    center.x = (double)d.width/2.0;
    center.y = (double)d.height/2.0;

    for (int i = 0; i < 60; ++i) {
      Point origin = ptOnCircle(6*i, dmin/2, center);
      int j = i + stepSize;
      while (j >= 60)
        j -= 60;
      while (i != j) {
        Point destination = ptOnCircle(6*j, dmin/2, center);
        g.setColor(interpolate(interpolate(colors[0], colors[1], i%30, 30),
                               interpolate(colors[0], colors[1], j, 60),
                               1, 2));
        g.drawLine ((int)origin.x, (int)origin.y,
                    (int)destination.x, (int)destination.y);
        j += stepSize;
        while (j >= 60)
          j -= 60;
      }
    }
  }
  
  
}

Example: Building a Java GUI

Steven Zeil

1. Develop the Model

2. Develop the layout of those elements

3. Add listeners to the elements

4. Implement custom drawing